…confirmation of death is carried out in a formally unimpeachable way, and that the donor's organs are maintained physiologically for as long as the…

…if possible, otherwise give IM with a fine needle and 5 minutes of compression. Anticoagulant treatment is not in itself a bar to vaccination. Relative…

Procedurer The commonest error in paracentesis is not performing it. Every patient admitted with ascites should undergo a diagnostic paracentesis , because spontaneous bacterial peritonitis often…

…For assessment of function and prognosis, arrhythmia evaluation, known coronary artery disease and evaluation of treatment effect, the medication is continued — abrupt withdrawal carries a…

…Severe hypernatraemia. Preparation and equipment Two peripheral venous cannulas, or a central venous catheter for longer treatment. Sodium bicarbonate 50 mg/mL (corresponding to 0…

…follow cardiac surgery, coronary angiography or other invasive procedures, and affected patients may be relatively painless compared with those with spontaneous dissection. Clinical manifestations may…

…local procedure. Low molecular weight heparin, not a DOAC Active cancer A DOAC or low molecular weight heparin. Consider the bleeding risk with gastrointestinal and…

Procedurer An abscess is emptied, not treated away. Incision and drainage is the treatment; antibiotics are normally neither necessary nor sufficient in an uncomplicated cutaneous…

Procedurer Aspirate and biopsy answer different questions and do not replace one another: the aspirate shows cellular morphology and provides material for flow cytometry and…

…a class 2–3 compression stocking. Tape measure for ankle circumference — this governs the choice of material and bandaging technique. Procedure Assessment 1. History: duration…

…superior wall of the ear canal , past the plug — not straight at it. The water should get behind the wax and push it out. 6…

…gravity is not enough. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL to anaesthetise the marrow cavity in a conscious patient. Fixation material for the intraosseous needle. Procedure Peripheral…

…bleeding risk of the procedure and by renal function. In markedly reduced renal function (dabigatran at eGFR <30 mL/min, the other DOACs at eGFR…

…response to initial treatment and the expected continued bleeding matters more than an exact estimate of blood loss [1]. Strong indications for activation Ongoing bleeding…

…in units with airway expertise. Procedure 1. Dry the skin and shave where necessary. Do not clip the hair — small cuts cause burning pain. 2…

…Procedure 1. Place the joint at the angle the treatment requires before the cast is applied, and hold that position until the cast has set…

Procedurer CPAP and NIV are two different treatments with different physiology, and the commonest source of error is confusing them. CPAP delivers a constant pressure…

…measure in decontamination, and gastric lavage is today a rare procedure reserved for very serious poisonings in which the patient reaches hospital early. The benefit…

…verified fluid) Relative Uncorrected coagulopathy or thrombocytopenia Relative Ongoing anticoagulant treatment — plan the aspiration for the trough level or pause the drug according to local…

…thrombus, although haziness is not specific. Intravascular imaging can identify plaque disruption, thrombus and other structural features that may not be evident on angiography alone…

…The recommended procedure is as follows: The patient should remain seated comfortably in a quiet environment for 5 minutes. The back and arm should be…

…Procedure Punch biopsy 1. Mark the biopsy site. In an inflammatory dermatosis: the active edge , not the burnt out centre. 2. Clean the skin and…

…rests on the history, a positive Dix–Hallpike test and the absence of other neurological findings. The treatment is a repositioning manoeuvre. Indications Brief attacks…

…significant stenoses are anatomically or physiologically suitable for treatment. Revascularization improves angina related health status, but it should not be undertaken when symptoms are present…

…comorbidities, procedural complexity, age, frailty, and anticipated adherence to antithrombotic therapy. Anatomical and functional completeness are not synonymous. Anatomically incomplete revascularization may nevertheless be functionally…

Procedurer A dislocation is reduced with muscle relaxation, not with force. The methods that work best exploit time, gravity and slow movement; those that fail…

…and it is needed more often than it is used — not only in claudication, but before every compression treatment of a leg ulcer and as…

…parallel with the procedure, not before it. Preparation and equipment Ultrasound with a sector probe (the same probe as for echocardiography) and a sterile probe…

…planned vascular access for dialysis. Previous vascular surgery in the area. Coagulopathy and thrombolytic treatment are relative contraindications and are an argument for a superficial…

…treatment dose in parallel. Procedure Initiation with a loading dose Used when a rapid effect is wanted and the patient is also receiving LMWH, for…

…Explain and demonstrate. Show for yourself what a maximal blow looks like. The patient sits upright with both feet on the floor and must not…

…ECG monitoring, blood gases. Drugs for sedation, analgesia and control of shivering. Procedure 1. Start temperature management early — within the first hour after ROSC, in…

…to protect the surrounding skin. Eye protection and gloves for the operator. Explain before treatment that it stings intensely during thawing, that a blister (sometimes…

…Stockholm for the empirical antibiotic treatment of adults in hospital and in residential care homes (SÄBO) 2025/2026. They are Swedish regional recommendations and reflect…

…given dexamethasone. That is the practical key: the patient does not have to be left unprotected for the test to be interpretable. Procedure 1. Schedule…

…For questions other than acute meningitis — an insidious onset, known malignancy, immunosuppression, papilloedema or new focal neurological signs — CT is performed first. Preparation and equipment…

…specifically at reperfusion injury have not generally demonstrated sufficient clinical benefit for routine use. No reflow may also occur in association with other procedural complications…

…for medical reasons: the cuff is in the wrong place, the electrodes come off, the patient has not kept a diary. The set up and…

…the result meaningfully increases the likelihood of disease and can justify further investigation or treatment. Testing is therefore not an automatic response to chest pain…

…A high oxygen concentration washes nitrogen out of the pleural air and speeds resorption. Other conditions in which high flow oxygen is given irrespective of…

…not a treatment review. For a fuller account of two of the commonest acute drug problems, see Warfarin therapy and Opioid therapy in severe pain…

…has been out of stock for a long period — check local availability. Betamethasone (Betapred 4 mg/mL) is water soluble and short acting, not a…

…and the intubator not being an anaesthetist (1 point). A score of 3 or more indicates a difficult intubation — call for help and get out…

…appropriate investigation has identified the relevant endotype and its treatment options have been addressed. ANOCA/INOCA should not be labelled refractory before further diagnostic evaluation…

…efficacy of compressions and defibrillation diminishes considerably. Extracorporeal Life Support (ECLS) emerges as the sole therapeutic alternative for such situations. Presently, this treatment is confined…

…modality for detecting neoatherosclerosis, although its resolution does not consistently permit identification of foamy macrophages. The occurrence of neoatherosclerosis helps explain why ISR and other…

…however, increase peri procedural complications and bleeding. Clinical presentation The available source material does not provide a detailed description of the presenting symptoms of NSTEMI…

…small vessels, multivessel disease, bifurcation lesions, treatment of acute myocardial infarction Procedural and mechanical Stent underexpansion, incomplete wall apposition, residual inflow or outflow disease, edge…

…most frequent source of EMI, although radiofrequency procedures, nerve stimulators, and other electronic equipment may also interfere with device function. The clinical consequences depend on…

…discussions between clinicians and patients. This is particularly important when considering ICD implantation, as the procedure carries both benefits (life saving therapy) and risks (e…

…of procedural anticoagulation; complex coronary anatomy and technically difficult PCI. For peri procedural stroke specifically, advanced age, diabetes, emergency angiography, previous stroke, renal failure, and…

…taken effect, and note the time. It must not stay on for longer than 20–30 minutes. Procedure Paronychia — incision and drainage 1. A digital…

…safe procedure, the risk of complications calls for careful consideration of contraindications. Contraindications may be absolute or relative. Briefly, exercise stress testing must not be…

…the diagnostic threshold for periprocedural MI. This distinction is clinically important because cardiac troponin elevation after revascularization is common and may reflect procedural myocardial injury…

…cornea should not be instrumented without magnification. With a suspected chemical injury the priorities are reversed: irrigate first , for at least 30 minutes, and measure…

…refrain or adapt in: The patient does not consent — the examination must then not be carried out. Vaginismus or marked anxiety — plan for extra time…

…ventilating is not experienced in intubation. Planned anaesthesia for short procedures in a fasted patient at low risk of aspiration. A conduit for fibreoptically assisted…

…and related resting indices) simplified the procedure by removing the need for pharmacologic hyperemia, and angiography derived indices (quantitative flow ratio [QFR], FFRangio, and three…

…Procedure Batteries and magnets A button battery in the nose or the ear canal is an emergency, not a finding that can wait until the…

…eye level. The patient sits upright and tilts the head forwards , not backwards. Procedure Step 1 — compression Have the patient blow out the clot. The…