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Clinical ECG Interpretation
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- Introduction to ECG Interpretation6 Chapters
- Clinical electrocardiography and ECG interpretation
- Cardiac electrophysiology: action potential, automaticity and vectors
- The ECG leads: electrodes, limb leads, chest (precordial) leads, 12-Lead ECG (EKG)
- The Cabrera format of the 12-lead ECG & lead –aVR instead of aVR
- ECG interpretation: Characteristics of the normal ECG (P-wave, QRS complex, ST segment, T-wave)
- How to interpret the ECG / EKG: A systematic approach
- Clinical electrocardiography and ECG interpretation
- Arrhythmias and arrhythmology24 Chapters
- Mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias: from automaticity to re-entry (reentry)
- Aberrant ventricular conduction (aberrancy, aberration)
- Premature ventricular contractions (premature ventricular complex, premature ventricular beats)
- Premature atrial contraction (premature atrial beat / complex): ECG & clinical implications
- Sinus rhythm: physiology, ECG criteria & clinical implications
- Sinus arrhythmia (respiratory sinus arrhythmia)
- Sinus bradycardia: definitions, ECG, causes and management
- Chronotropic incompetence (inability to increase heart rate)
- Sinoatrial arrest & sinoatrial pause (sinus pause / arrest)
- Sinoatrial block (SA block): ECG criteria, causes and clinical features
- Sinus node dysfunction (SND) and sick sinus syndrome (SSS)
- Sinus tachycardia & Inappropriate sinus tachycardia
- Atrial fibrillation: ECG, classification, causes, risk factors & management
- Atrial flutter: classification, causes, ECG diagnosis & management
- Ectopic atrial rhythm (EAT), atrial tachycardia (AT) & multifocal atrial tachycardia (MAT)
- Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT): ECG features & management
- Pre-excitation, Atrioventricular Reentrant (Reentry) Tachycardia (AVRT), Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW syndrome)
- Junctional rhythm (escape rhythm) and junctional tachycardia
- Ventricular rhythm and accelerated ventricular rhythm (idioventricular rhythm)
- Ventricular tachycardia (VT): ECG criteria, causes, classification, treatment (management)
- Longt QT interval, long QT syndrome (LQTS) & torsades de pointes
- Ventricular fibrillation, pulseless electrical activity and sudden cardiac arrest
- Pacemaker mediated tachycardia (PMT): ECG and management
- Diagnosis and management of narrow and wide complex tachycardia
- Mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias: from automaticity to re-entry (reentry)
- Myocardial Ischemia & Infarction20 Chapters
- Introduction to Coronary Artery Disease (Ischemic Heart Disease) & Use of ECG
- Classification of Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) & Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)
- Clinical application of ECG in chest pain & acute myocardial infarction
- Diagnostic Criteria for Acute Myocardial Infarction: Cardiac troponins, ECG & Symptoms
- Myocardial Ischemia & infarction: Reactions, ECG Changes & Symptoms
- The left ventricle in myocardial ischemia and infarction
- Factors that modify the natural course in acute myocardial infarction (AMI)
- ECG in myocardial ischemia: ischemic changes in the ST segment & T-wave
- ST segment depression in myocardial ischemia and differential diagnoses
- ST segment elevation in acute myocardial ischemia and differential diagnoses
- ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) without ST elevations on 12-lead ECG
- T-waves in ischemia: hyperacute, inverted (negative), Wellen's sign & de Winter's sign
- ECG signs of myocardial infarction: pathological Q-waves & pathological R-waves
- Other ECG changes in ischemia and infarction
- Supraventricular and intraventricular conduction defects in myocardial ischemia and infarction
- ECG localization of myocardial infarction / ischemia and coronary artery occlusion (culprit)
- The ECG in assessment of myocardial reperfusion
- Approach to patients with chest pain: differential diagnoses, management & ECG
- NSTEMI (Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction) & Unstable Angina: Diagnosis, Criteria, ECG, Management
- STEMI (ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction): diagnosis, criteria, ECG & management
- Introduction to Coronary Artery Disease (Ischemic Heart Disease) & Use of ECG
- Conduction Defects11 Chapters
- Overview of atrioventricular (AV) blocks
- First-degree AV block (AV block I, AV block 1)
- Second-degree AV block: Mobitz type 1 (Wenckebach) & Mobitz type 2 block
- Third-degree AV block (3rd degree AV block, AV block 3, AV block III)
- Management and treatment of AV block (atrioventricular blocks)
- Intraventricular conduction delay: bundle branch blocks & fascicular blocks
- Right bundle branch block (RBBB): ECG, criteria, definitions, causes & treatment
- Left bundle branch block (LBBB): ECG criteria, causes, management
- Left bundle branch block (LBBB) in acute myocardial infarction: the Sgarbossa criteria
- Fascicular block (hemiblock): left anterior & left posterior fascicular block on ECG
- Nonspecific intraventricular conduction delay (defect)
- Overview of atrioventricular (AV) blocks
- Cardiac Hypertrophy & Enlargement5 Chapters
- Atrial and ventricular enlargement: hypertrophy and dilatation on ECG
- ECG in left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH): criteria and implications
- Right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH): ECG criteria & clinical characteristics
- Biventricular hypertrophy ECG and clinical characteristics
- Left atrial enlargement (P mitrale) & right atrial enlargement (P pulmonale) on ECG
- Atrial and ventricular enlargement: hypertrophy and dilatation on ECG
- Drugs & Electrolyte Imbalance3 Chapters
- Genetics, Syndromes & Miscellaneous7 Chapters
- ECG J wave syndromes: hypothermia, early repolarization, hypercalcemia & Brugada syndrome
- Brugada syndrome: ECG, clinical features and management
- Early repolarization pattern on ECG (early repolarization syndrome)
- Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (broken heart syndrome, stress induced cardiomyopathy)
- Pericarditis, myocarditis & perimyocarditis: ECG, criteria & treatment
- Eletrical alternans: the ECG in pericardial effusion & cardiac tamponade
- Long QT Syndrome (LQTS)
- ECG J wave syndromes: hypothermia, early repolarization, hypercalcemia & Brugada syndrome
- Exercise Stress Testing (Exercise ECG)6 Chapters
- Exercise stress test (treadmill test, exercise ECG): Introduction
- Exercise stress test (exercise ECG): Indications, Contraindications, Preparation
- Exercise stress test (exercise ECG): protocols, evaluation & termination
- Exercise stress testing in special patient populations
- Exercise physiology: from normal response to myocardial ischemia & chest pain
- Evaluation of exercise stress test: ECG, symptoms, blood pressure, heart rate, performance
- Exercise stress test (treadmill test, exercise ECG): Introduction
Section 7, Chapter 7
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