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Clinical ECG Interpretation
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Introduction to ECG Interpretation6 Chapters
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Cardiac electrophysiology and ECG interpretation
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Cardiac electrophysiology: action potential, automaticity and vectors
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The ECG leads: electrodes, limb leads, chest (precordial) leads, 12-Lead ECG (EKG)
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The Cabrera format of the 12-lead ECG & lead –aVR instead of aVR
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ECG interpretation: Characteristics of the normal ECG (P-wave, QRS complex, ST segment, T-wave)
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How to interpret the ECG / EKG: A systematic approach
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Cardiac electrophysiology and ECG interpretation
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Arrhythmias and arrhythmology24 Chapters
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Mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias: from automaticity to re-entry (reentry)
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Aberrant ventricular conduction (aberrancy, aberration)
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Premature ventricular contractions (premature ventricular complex, premature ventricular beats)
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Premature atrial contraction (premature atrial beat / complex): ECG & clinical implications
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Sinus rhythm: physiology, ECG criteria & clinical implications
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Sinus arrhythmia (respiratory sinus arrhythmia)
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Sinus bradycardia: definitions, ECG, causes and management
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Chronotropic incompetence (inability to increase heart rate)
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Sinoatrial arrest & sinoatrial pause (sinus pause / arrest)
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Sinoatrial block (SA block): ECG criteria, causes and clinical features
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Sinus node dysfunction (SND) and sick sinus syndrome (SSS)
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Sinus tachycardia & Inappropriate sinus tachycardia
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Atrial fibrillation: ECG, classification, causes, risk factors & management
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Atrial flutter: classification, causes, ECG diagnosis & management
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Ectopic atrial rhythm (EAT), atrial tachycardia (AT) & multifocal atrial tachycardia (MAT)
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Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT): ECG features & management
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Pre-excitation, Atrioventricular Reentrant (Reentry) Tachycardia (AVRT), Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome
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Junctional rhythm (escape rhythm) and junctional tachycardia
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Ventricular rhythm and accelerated ventricular rhythm (idioventricular rhythm)
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Ventricular tachycardia (VT): ECG criteria, causes, classification, treatment
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Long QT (QTc) interval, long QT syndrome (LQTS) & torsades de pointes
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Ventricular fibrillation, pulseless electrical activity and sudden cardiac arrest
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Pacemaker mediated tachycardia (PMT): ECG and management
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Diagnosis and management of narrow and wide complex tachycardia
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Mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias: from automaticity to re-entry (reentry)
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Myocardial Ischemia & Infarction22 Chapters
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Introduction to Coronary Artery Disease (Ischemic Heart Disease) & Use of ECG
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Classification of Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) & Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI)
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Clinical application of ECG in chest pain & acute myocardial infarction
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Diagnostic Criteria for Acute Myocardial Infarction: Cardiac troponins, ECG & Symptoms
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Cardiac troponin I (TnI) and T (TnT): Interpretation and evaluation in acute coronary syndromes
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Myocardial Ischemia & infarction: Reactions, ECG Changes & Symptoms
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The left ventricle in myocardial ischemia and infarction
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Factors that modify the natural course in acute myocardial infarction (AMI)
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ECG in myocardial ischemia: ischemic changes in the ST segment & T-wave
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ST segment depression in myocardial ischemia and differential diagnoses
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ST segment elevation in acute myocardial ischemia and differential diagnoses
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ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) without ST elevations on 12-lead ECG
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T-waves in ischemia: hyperacute, inverted (negative), Wellen's sign & de Winter's sign
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ECG signs of myocardial infarction: pathological Q-waves & pathological R-waves
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Other ECG changes in ischemia and infarction
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Supraventricular and intraventricular conduction defects in myocardial ischemia and infarction
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ECG localization of myocardial infarction / ischemia and coronary artery occlusion (culprit)
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The ECG in assessment of myocardial reperfusion
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Approach to patients with chest pain: differential diagnoses, management & ECG
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Stable Coronary Artery Disease (Angina Pectoris): Diagnosis, Evaluation, Management
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NSTEMI (Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction) & Unstable Angina: Diagnosis, Criteria, ECG, Management
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STEMI (ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction): diagnosis, criteria, ECG & management
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Introduction to Coronary Artery Disease (Ischemic Heart Disease) & Use of ECG
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Conduction Defects11 Chapters
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Overview of atrioventricular (AV) blocks
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First-degree AV block (AV block I, AV block 1)
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Second-degree AV block: Mobitz type 1 (Wenckebach) & Mobitz type 2 block
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Third-degree AV block (3rd degree AV block, AV block 3, AV block III)
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Management and treatment of AV block (atrioventricular blocks)
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Intraventricular conduction delay: bundle branch blocks & fascicular blocks
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Right bundle branch block (RBBB): ECG, criteria, definitions, causes & treatment
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Left bundle branch block (LBBB): ECG criteria, causes, management
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Left bundle branch block (LBBB) in acute myocardial infarction: the Sgarbossa criteria
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Fascicular block (hemiblock): left anterior & left posterior fascicular block on ECG
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Nonspecific intraventricular conduction delay (defect)
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Overview of atrioventricular (AV) blocks
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Cardiac Hypertrophy & Enlargement5 Chapters
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Atrial and ventricular enlargement: hypertrophy and dilatation on ECG
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ECG in left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH): criteria and implications
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Right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH): ECG criteria & clinical characteristics
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Biventricular hypertrophy ECG and clinical characteristics
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Left atrial enlargement (P mitrale) & right atrial enlargement (P pulmonale) on ECG
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Atrial and ventricular enlargement: hypertrophy and dilatation on ECG
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Drugs & Electrolyte Imbalance3 Chapters
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Genetics, Syndromes & Miscellaneous7 Chapters
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ECG J wave syndromes: hypothermia, early repolarization, hypercalcemia & Brugada syndrome
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Brugada syndrome: ECG, clinical features and management
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Early repolarization pattern on ECG (early repolarization syndrome)
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Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (broken heart syndrome, stress induced cardiomyopathy)
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Pericarditis, myocarditis & perimyocarditis: ECG, criteria & treatment
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Eletrical alternans: the ECG in pericardial effusion & cardiac tamponade
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Long QT Syndrome (LQTS)
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ECG J wave syndromes: hypothermia, early repolarization, hypercalcemia & Brugada syndrome
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Exercise Stress Testing (Exercise ECG)6 Chapters
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Exercise stress test (treadmill test, exercise ECG): Introduction
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Indications, Contraindications, and Preparations for Exercise Stress Testing (exercise ECG)
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Exercise stress test (exercise ECG): protocols, evaluation & termination
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Exercise stress testing in special patient populations
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Exercise physiology: from normal response to myocardial ischemia & chest pain
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Evaluation of exercise stress test: ECG, symptoms, blood pressure, heart rate, performance
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Exercise stress test (treadmill test, exercise ECG): Introduction
Section 7, Chapter 7
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