…Note the pupil size, shape and reaction to light. A teardrop shaped or peaked pupil suggests perforation. Look for hyphaema — blood with a fluid level…

…septal perforation has been described after as little as seven hours. Never irrigate and never instil fluid onto a battery — the moisture drives the reaction…

…electrocautery is used Relative A cochlear implant Relative The contralateral side of the septum already cauterised — bilateral cautery carries a risk of perforation Anterior packing…

…wax retains moisture. Contraindications Absolute contraindications to irrigation: A known or suspected perforation of the tympanic membrane — including a history of grommets, ear discharge or…

…0.38 Vascular complications 0.43 Contrast agent reaction 0.37 Haemodynamic complications 0.26 Cardiac chamber perforation 0.03 Other complications 0.28 Total…

…vascular lesions. The interleukin 1β pathway, with downstream effects involving interleukin 6 and C reactive protein, has been a major therapeutic target. This concept…

…C, non high density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein B and high sensitivity C reactive protein (hsCRP). Bempedoic acid also activates adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase, which…

…angiographic reduction of coronary obstruction. Intensive lipid lowering improves endothelial function, lowers circulating high sensitivity C reactive protein, reduces thrombogenicity, and favourably modifies inflammatory and…

…They are contraindicated in patients with bronchospastic lung disease, or a history of significant reactive airway disease. Contraindications also include second degree or third degree…

…within the subendothelial space, LDL C particles undergo oxidative modification by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and enzymes such as myeloperoxidase and lipoxygenase. Oxidized LDL (oxLDL…

…Guo et al also report a significant association between troponin T levels and C reactive protein (CRP) and N terminal pro B type natriuretic peptide …

…homocysteine, white blood cell count, proinflammatory cytokines and C reactive protein. Increased urinary albumin/creatinine ratio reflects altered endothelial and renal pathophysiology in insulin resistance…

…of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). A brisk, reactive pupil generally indicates an intact brainstem and adequate cerebral perfusion, whereas fixed, dilated pupils can signal severe global…

Akutsjukvård Lathundar Basic principle Anaphylaxis is a rapidly developing systemic hypersensitivity reaction that can cause life threatening compromise of the airway, breathing or circulation. Skin…

…Exercise stress test Evaluation of the exercise stress test (exercise ECG) The ECG reaction has always been a central component of the exercise stress test…

…and are given for absolute eGFR in mL/min , not eGFR relative to 1.73 m². Recalculate in patients who are markedly larger or smaller…

…dur ®, Nitroject ®, Nitrolingual ®, Nitromist ®, Nitrostat ®, Rectiv ®, Trinipatch ® Indications Pulmonary edema, congestive heart failure. Angina pectoris. Hypertension, hypertensive crisis…

…it encompasses both synchronized cardioversion and defibrillation ; the key distinction is timing relative to the cardiac cycle, since a shock delivered asynchronously on the T…

…but only if the examiner is trained. Brief attacks triggered by the position of the head relative to gravity: perform Dix Hallpike and, if needed…

…for dialysis. Previous vascular surgery in the area. Coagulopathy and thrombolytic treatment are relative contraindications and are an argument for a superficial, compressible vessel. Allen…

…cannula bridges the gap until conditions are controlled. Contraindications In life threatening conditions all contraindications are relative — but they govern which site is chosen. Infection…

…Retinal detachment. Relative: Marked cervical restriction of movement or pain — use the Semont manoeuvre or the side lying variant of the Dix–Hallpike test. Marked…

…sick sinus syndrome or high grade AV block without pacemaker protection. Asthma and other marked obstructive airways disease — relative; the risk of bronchospasm is real…

…Relative: Condition Comment : : Left main stenosis Known — perform the test only on a clear indication and with full preparedness Moderate to severe aortic stenosis without…

…Anticoagulant treatment is not in itself a bar to vaccination. Relative: Lymphoedema or previous axillary clearance on the same side. A paretic limb — poorer absorption…

…or refrain. Bacteraemia without suspicion of joint infection (relative; aspiration can seed a sterile joint). Marked coagulopathy or an anticoagulant at a therapeutic dose (relative;…

…The laryngeal mask is a compromise and does not protect the airway completely. Relative contraindications: A high risk of aspiration: a non fasted patient, ileus…

…passage Relative Oesophageal varices or recent oesophageal or gastric surgery Relative Marked coagulopathy or ongoing epistaxis Relative Oesophageal stricture or a known diverticulum Relative Recent…

…pause the drug according to local practice Relative Skin infection, herpes zoster or burns over the puncture site Relative Mechanical ventilation with a high PEEP…

…ACTH. Marked atopic disease, particularly severe asthma and a history of anaphylaxis — a relative contraindication; the test is then performed with preparedness for anaphylaxis. An…

…joint. Known hypersensitivity to the preparations. Relative: Poorly controlled diabetes — expect a raised blood glucose for 2–5 days. Suspected or known tendon rupture. No…

…cm Relative — avoid forced manoeuvres An ongoing respiratory infection with a risk of transmission Until symptom free Haemoptysis of unclear cause Until investigated Relative obstacles…

…straddle injury Relative Recent urethral or prostatic surgery — contact a urologist before attempting Relative A known urethral stricture Relative Acute prostatitis or urethritis Relative Latex…

…2,7 , g/m2,7 18–44 45–51 52–58 59 20–48 49–55 56–63 64 Relative wall thickness, cm 0.22…

…Reported relative effects include: Approximately 11% reduction in cardiovascular events in a meta analysis of primary prevention trials involving individuals with an estimated 10 year…

…effect of the lesion. The apparent percentage stenosis is calculated relative to an adjacent reference segment presumed to be relatively normal. This assumption may be…

…procedural complexity, and the relative merits of PCI and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Definition and Pathophysiology From balloon angioplasty to coronary stents Balloon angioplasty…

…Consequently, a normal examination or cardiac investigation at one point in time does not reliably exclude future disease in an at risk relative. Across inherited…

…nonpharmacological management should be actively implemented. Adults with blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg should receive both lifestyle and antihypertensive drug therapy. For grade 1 hypertension…

…that are taken up by myocardial tissue. The distribution of retained tracer provides tomographic information about relative regional perfusion. Imaging is generally performed at rest…

…stenoses. Higher scores indicate more diffuse or technically complex disease and are associated with a greater relative advantage for CABG over PCI in multivessel disease…

…activity and cardiovascular benefit is curvilinear. The largest relative improvement occurs when an inactive person becomes even modestly active, while additional activity continues to confer…

…identifiable underlying cause. Researchers previously believed that this form of hypertension was a physiological reaction that was necessary to maintain normal hemodynamics, hence the term…

…to risk of embolization Deep venous thrombosis – due to risk of embolization Relative contraindications for exercise ECG Severe hypertension (systolic blood pressure 200 mmHg or…

…VO2 max , see below). In addition to exercise capacity, stress testing also provides information on electrocardiographic (ECG) reaction, the occurrence of arrhythmias, symptoms, physiological reactions…

…be calculated by obtaining the measurements shown in Figure 1. The ultrasound system automatically calculates RWT (Relative Weight Thickness), provided that the patient's weight…

…orient and display the heart using the long axis of the left ventricle and selected planes oriented at 90° angles relative to the long axis…

…be counteracted with simultaneous administration of norepinephrine. All patients with severe acute heart failure who receive levosimendan should be monitored invasively (e.g. arterial line…

…embolism require thrombolysis to dissolve the occlusion. Administration of thrombolysis requires careful consideration of absolute and relative contraindications (discussed below), and assessment of differential diagnoses…

…is most pronounced and extends towards the penumbra zone (the outermost and less ischemic area), which may receive oxygen from collateral vessels. In cardiac arrest…

…near the ventricular cavity, and it may to some extent receive oxygen from the blood in the ventricular cavity. The right bundle branch then runs…

…Indeed, the atrial myocardium consists of such a thick layer that much of it may receive oxygen directly from the blood within the atrial cavity…

…via electrodes. Figure 2. The ultrasound transducer and the piezoelectric crystals that generate and receive ultrasound waves. Piezoelectric crystals have unique electromechanical properties. When an…

…haemorrhage control) planned in advance. A history of a severe transfusion reaction: contact transfusion medicine before transfusing again. Preparation and equipment Compatibility testing Test What…

…cold urticaria. Relative: Basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma — these can be treated with cryotherapy by an experienced practitioner in selected cases, but surgery…

…Contraindications Atrial fibrillation or flutter of unknown or excessive duration without adequate anticoagulation or exclusion of thrombus — the most important relative contraindication to elective cardioversion…

…systemic involvement. Relative: Condition Adaptation : : ABI 0.5–0.79 Reduced compression (20–30 mmHg) under vascular surgical supervision Diabetes with neuropathy Reduced compression, closer…

…mm), loculated or purely posterior effusion with no safe route for puncture — surgical drainage or pericardiotomy instead. Relative: uncorrected coagulopathy, thrombocytopenia and ongoing anticoagulant treatment…

…the old hole. Infection or burns over the puncture site. Osteogenesis imperfecta and severe osteoporosis (relative). An inability to identify the landmarks. Choice of vein…

…where the pads would go. Transvenous pacing: the relative contraindications are the same as for a central venous catheter — coagulopathy, infection at the puncture site…