…Self sampling for HPV is now a permanent part of the programme and is widely used — a woman who does not attend for a gynaecological…

…cardiovascular disease, including PAD Conversely, patients with CVD should be screened systematically for diabetes because undiagnosed T2DM is common and has major therapeutic and prognosti

…et al 1 ). Representative single beat morphs for a low risk patient (blue) and the corresponding high risk morph (red). Beyond the difference in R…

…vessels and abdominal organs is large. The sternum may be used for aspiration when the iliac crest is inaccessible, but biopsy must never be taken…

…patient — the device senses the rhythm through the cable, not through the pads. A pulse oximeter, a blood pressure cuff, and an arterial line for…

…an expired type and screen discovered when the patient is already bleeding costs precious time. Exact validity periods and the rules for electronic issue differ…

…by some patient populations. The sensitivity, specificity, risks, and results of the exercise test may be affected by patient characteristics. For example, exercising patients with…

…decompensated heart failure (DHF). In the critically ill patient, AF may be pre existing, newly detected for the first time, or newly developed during management…

Akutsjukvård Lathundar Basic principle Manage the patient, not the list of poisons. Stabilisation according to ABCDE, the plasma glucose, a blood gas and an ECG…

Procedurer The commonest error in paracentesis is not performing it. Every patient admitted with ascites should undergo a diagnostic paracentesis , because spontaneous bacterial peritonitis often…

…lies not in ST depression alone but in the overall picture : exercise capacity, symptoms, blood pressure response, heart rate response, arrhythmias and recovery. A patient…

…not with force. The methods that work best exploit time, gravity and slow movement; those that fail usually do so because the patient tenses up…

…situations that argue for the operating theatre rather than the emergency room: a very large or deep abscess, a markedly unwell patient with fever and…

…pressure ; gravity is not enough. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL to anaesthetise the marrow cavity in a conscious patient. Fixation material for the intraosseous needle. Procedure…

…A D dimer must not be used to rule it out The age adjusted D dimer in patients over 50: the threshold becomes age × 10…

…hours, not 48. The 2024 ESC guidelines and several Swedish clinical knowledge resources have tightened the former 48 hour rule for patients with risk factors…

…for example hypoglycaemia, poisoning, stroke, meningitis and a postictal state. 3. Check a repeat plasma sodium if the result is unexpected or does not fit…

…the severity by the most serious finding. A patient does not have to meet every criterion in a column. Clinical deterioration or a poor response…

…Take care in impaired sensation (neuropathy, spinal cord injury) — the patient does not feel the pressure sore. Preparation and equipment Material Comment : : Stockinette Innermost against…

…A neutropenic patient with a suspected infection and organ dysfunction must therefore be managed as neutropenic sepsis even if the temperature criterion is not met…

…the procedure, not before it. Preparation and equipment Ultrasound with a sector probe (the same probe as for echocardiography) and a sterile probe cover. Continuous…

…target value that must never be exceeded, during the first 72 hours for as long as the patient remains unconscious. The evidence Trial Question Result …

…more often for practical than for medical reasons: the cuff is in the wrong place, the electrodes come off, the patient has not kept a…

…a high flow nasal cannula where available. Bag mask equipment for a patient who is not breathing adequately. Choosing a system System Flow Approximate FiO2…

…extend superiorly as far as the occipital region but typically does not radiate below the umbilicus. Epigastric or subxiphoid pain may be mistaken for indigestion…

…Follow the patient's prescription, if it is clinically reasonable Give oxygen if the patient is hypoxaemic. Oxygen is not a treatment for dyspnoea as…

…kg/h for at least 24 hours, or anuria for at least 12 hours Use whichever criterion gives the higher stage. A patient can thus…

…2025/2026 and are given for absolute eGFR in mL/min , not eGFR relative to 1.73 m². Recalculate in patients who are markedly larger…

…not the end. In a frail older patient an apparently small insult — sleep deprivation, urinary retention or a new sedative drug, for example — may be…

…not looked for afterwards. Monitoring: ECG, pulse oximetry and blood pressure at short intervals. Tube size and depth Patient Internal diameter (mm) Depth at the…

…the patient's condition allows. 7. With titratable intravenous treatment and an unstable course, an arterial line should be considered. The blood pressure must not…

…ear canal , past the plug — not straight at it. The water should get behind the wax and push it out. 6. Use moderate pressure. R

…after the endoscopy. Fluid and monitoring Use a balanced crystalloid in the first instance. Give small boluses, for example 250 to 500 mL, with immediate…

…Initiation with a loading dose Used when a rapid effect is wanted and the patient is also receiving LMWH, for example in newly diagnosed venous…

…exercise induced arrhythmias Evaluating the blood pressure response Refining risk stratification and prognosis For patients with low or moderate pre test likelihood of obstructive CAD…

…and myocarditis should not be classified as MINOCA when they are established as the explanation for the presentation. Clinical presentation and symptoms Patients typically present…

…obtain and can often be used for an initial assessment of pH and the metabolic component, but it should not be regarded as fully interchangeable…

…be given dexamethasone. That is the practical key: the patient does not have to be left unprotected for the test to be interpretable. Procedure 1…

…value has been used in therapeutic studies of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The threshold is not absolute: patient phenotype, risk factors for heart failure with…

…worse when the patient moves the head is therefore not evidence of BPPV. Step 2: decide whether HINTS may be used HINTS stands for Head

…of objectively demonstrating peripheral arterial disease, and it is needed more often than it is used — not only in claudication, but before every compression treatment…

…the patient blow out the clot. The pinch is applied to the lower third of the nose, the soft part , and held continuously for at…

…since ingestion, and both can harm the patient through aspiration. Contact your national or regional poison control centre before you decide, not afterwards. Indications Medicinal…

…chronic value [4]. The grading must not be used mechanically. A patient with a plasma potassium of 6.2 mmol/L, new bradycardia and acute…

…in a slim patient. 4. Insert the needle perpendicularly , quickly and firmly, to its full length. 5. Aspiration is not needed for vaccination in the…

…not protect the airway completely. Relative contraindications: A high risk of aspiration: a non fasted patient, ileus, third trimester pregnancy, marked reflux. A need for…

…instability — stabilise the patient first. CT before the puncture Swedish practice differs here from several international guidelines. The Swedish clinical care programme for bacterial CNS…

…not empty. Intraoperatively and postoperatively after major abdominal surgery, according to local practice. Enteral nutrition and drug administration when the patient cannot swallow safely, for…

…when the patient cannot stand, the arm span divided by 1.06 is used as the height. Procedure 1. Explain and demonstrate. Show for yourself…

…indicated in adults for chemical conversion of recent onset atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm. Vernakalant is used in the following settings: Non surgery patients: atrial…

…patients after acute myocardial infarction (MI), antianginal drugs have not been shown to improve long term cardiovascular outcomes in CCS. General strategy For most patients…

…but account for a substantial proportion of sudden cardiac death in young athletes. Clinically, they may be categorized according to whether they are: Not associated…

…requires a single breath hold and does not require intravenous access, premedication, or special preparation. The most widely used quantification method is the Agatston score…

…Thus, a patient may have acute myocardial injury without having an infarction. The degree of troponin elevation does not by itself establish the mechanism. Increased…

…depends not only on its sensitivity and specificity but also on disease prevalence in the population being tested. A negative result is most useful when…

…A 24 hour urine collection for electrolytes can be used to quantify sodium and potassium intake, preferably while the patient is receiving a stable diuretic…

…cardiogenic shock is present, or symptoms have been present for more than 2–3 hours. Patients with a working diagnosis of STEMI should, whenever possible…

…subclinical AF. Some patients have frequent symptomatic episodes, whereas others have brief or asymptomatic episodes that are not detected during routine clinical assessment. The clinical…

…beta blockers actually increase chronotropic competency in patients with heart failure, despite their negative chronotropic effect. Among persons who do not suffer from heart failure…

…among elderly). Patient characteristics and the degree of hypertrophy can be used to distinguish hypertrophic cardiomyopathy from hypertrophy caused by loading conditions. In the presence…