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Gynaecological examination and cervical smear

…Self sampling for HPV is now a permanent part of the programme and is widely used — a woman who does not attend for a gynaecological…

Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Risk Management

…cardiovascular disease, including PAD Conversely, patients with CVD should be screened systematically for diabetes because undiagnosed T2DM is common and has major therapeutic and prognosti

A new ECG biomarker for sudden cardiac death

…et al 1 ). Representative single beat morphs for a low risk patient (blue) and the corresponding high risk morph (red). Beyond the difference in R…

Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy

…vessels and abdominal organs is large. The sternum may be used for aspiration when the iliac crest is inaccessible, but biopsy must never be taken…

Transcutaneous and transvenous pacing

…patient — the device senses the rhythm through the cable, not through the pads. A pulse oximeter, a blood pressure cuff, and an arterial line for…

Blood transfusion and massive haemorrhage

…an expired type and screen discovered when the patient is already bleeding costs precious time. Exact validity periods and the rules for electronic issue differ…

Exercise stress testing in special patient populations

…by some patient populations. The sensitivity, specificity, risks, and results of the exercise test may be affected by patient characteristics. For example, exercising patients with…

Atrial Fibrillation in the Critically Ill Patient

…decompensated heart failure (DHF). In the critically ill patient, AF may be pre existing, newly detected for the first time, or newly developed during management…

Poisoning: quick reference for antidotes and initial management

Akutsjukvård Lathundar Basic principle Manage the patient, not the list of poisons. Stabilisation according to ABCDE, the plasma glucose, a blood gas and an ECG…

Paracentesis

Procedurer The commonest error in paracentesis is not performing it. Every patient admitted with ascites should undergo a diagnostic paracentesis , because spontaneous bacterial peritonitis often…

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