…determinant of risk is baseline renal function. The risk is increased by: CKD, especially advanced CKD; diabetic kidney disease; older age; diabetes mellitus; hypovolaemia or…

…healing Ear canal stenosis or exostoses Narrow and hard to reach Ongoing otitis externa Pain, spread of infection A small or uncooperative child Movement causes…

…sepsis Suspected or confirmed infection together with new organ dysfunction must raise the suspicion of sepsis. The patient need not have fever, leucocytosis or a…

…infection The insulin requirement rises, often despite a reduced food intake Insulin pump The patient manages the pump themselves where possible. In impaired consciousness or…

…eGFR of 30 40 mL/min for lower urinary tract infection. At an eGFR <30 mL/min the antibacterial effect is lost. Dosed independently of…

…loosened or avulsed nail plate, or a damaged nail fold edge Nail avulsion and inspection of the nail bed, with suture of any nail bed…

Echocardiography The echocardiographic examination The use of echocardiography has increased dramatically during the past few decades. Advances in echocardiography have been propelled by breakthroughs in…

…be questioned specifically about neurological symptoms during the preceding 6 months. Those with symptoms suggestive of TIA or stroke require neurological consultation and, when appropriate…

…transmitted infection — although chlamydia and gonorrhoea can be tested on urine or a self taken vaginal sample without a speculum. Routine gynaecological examination of asymptomatic…

…acromion and the lower tip of the muscle insertion. 3. Stretch the skin with the thumb and index finger, or compress the muscle in a…

Procedurer A corticosteroid injection into soft tissue gives rapid but time limited pain relief and rarely alters the natural history of the disease. In lateral…

…risk of hypercapnia has been assessed. 3. Take an arterial blood gas in respiratory compromise, low saturation, suspected carbon dioxide retention, reduced consciousness, or when…

…in some individuals the infection may be severe and deadly. Importantly, COVID 19 has caused an unprecedented number of severe and deadly infections among young…

…etc .) are warranted. Management of AV blocks aims to restore atrioventricular conduction either pharmacologically or by means of artificial pacemakers. Both methods may be used…

…clean with a tracheostomy or copious secretions Subclavian vein Most comfortable for the patient, the most stable dressing, lowest risk of infection and thrombosis with…

…a previous nasal fracture or unilateral nasal obstruction. 2. Measure the depth of insertion by laying the tube from the tip of the nose to…

…common agent. These streptococci most often originate from the oral cavity and affect heart valves that have some kind of damage, change or degeneration. Endocarditis…

…usually visible on plain films. Irrigation fluid: a copious volume of drinking quality tap water or sodium chloride 9 mg/mL. The volume matters more…

…insufficiency in pituitary disease, after pituitary surgery or radiotherapy, or with suspected suppression of the HPA axis after long term glucocorticoid treatment. A basal morning…

…and respiratory acidosis, or a markedly increased work of breathing with impending exhaustion. Threatened airway obstruction: inhalation injury, anaphylaxis, deep neck infection, an expanding haematoma…

…local practice Relative Skin infection, herpes zoster or burns over the puncture site Relative Mechanical ventilation with a high PEEP (an increased risk of pneumothorax…

…rigors, abdominal pain or a rapid deterioration in general condition may be the only signs of infection. Corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive treatments can blunt the…

…Time to onset of action 1 to 2 minutes Duration of action 10 to 30 minutes Delivery IV Dose Bolus injection : 5 to 15 mg…

…Etiologies of tension pneumothorax include: Traumatic injuries (blunt force, lacerations, gunshot wounds) Asthmatic episodes Iatrogenic events (e.g., during central venous catheter insertion) Underlying lung…

…a large change in TSH. During acute illness the TSH can be falsely low or high in the absence of thyroid disease; repeat it once…

…Infection or burns over the puncture site. Osteogenesis imperfecta and severe osteoporosis (relative). An inability to identify the landmarks. Choice of vein and cannula size…

…or an intracranial aneurysm Contact the responsible specialist An aortic aneurysm 6 cm Relative — avoid forced manoeuvres An ongoing respiratory infection with a risk of…

…Alternative route : Central venous administration of adenosine is suitable in the intensive care unit or coronary care unit. Adenosine injection must be administered quickly (1…

…4 g × 4 IV Exacerbation of COPD with an indication for antibiotics amoxicillin 750 mg × 3 PO 5–7 days or doxycycline 200 mg × 1…

…Parenteral thiamine early , preferably before or at the same time as carbohydrate administration. 3. Rapid identification of seizures, delirium tremens, infection, trauma and metabolic disturbance…

…needed. Intubate for a threatened airway, a marked risk of aspiration, or failure that is not rapidly reversed by an antidote B Respiratory rate, saturation…

…have diathermy or aluminium chloride available. Infection in the area to be biopsied. Hypersensitivity to local anaesthetics. Areas at high risk of unsightly or hypertrophic…

…Use of cannabis, electronic cigarettes or other inhaled products. Readiness to attempt cessation. Depression, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, HIV infection or other circumstances that may affect…

…as part of the diagnostic work up. Haemarthrosis after trauma. A symptomatic effusion causing pain or restricted movement (therapeutic aspiration). Intra articular corticosteroid injection in…

…Most cases (70%) of takotsubo cardiomyopathy occur in situations with extreme stress, such as car accidents, gun violence, threats, or any situation in which the…

…first. Procedure Choice of insertion site The left lower quadrant is the first choice : the abdominal wall is thinner there than on the right, and…

…Indications Unexplained cytopenia in one or more cell lines. Suspected acute leukaemia, myelodysplastic syndrome or myeloproliferative neoplasm. Work up and staging of lymphoma and myeloma…

…of the medulla result in the blood pressure lowering effect. Effects Potent blood pressure lowering effect. Pain relief. Delivery IV, IM, PO, transdermal Dose Injection…

…Assessing the haemodynamic significance of lesions whose angiographic severity is uncertain. Supporting decisions regarding revascularization and, in selected patients, identifying microvascular or vasomotor coronary disorders…

…total obliteration of affected vessels. Genetic, molecular, and acquired factors may interact in its development. PAH may be idiopathic, heritable, drug associated, or associated with…

…larger , since a mask that is too small leaks and gives a poorer seal. Procedure Insertion of the laryngeal mask 1. Check the mask, remove…

…treatment or marked coagulopathy. A platelet count below 50 × 10⁹/L is often quoted as the threshold, but the threshold varies between regions. Infection of…

…4. Culture only in the presence of clinical signs of infection — all chronic wounds are colonised, and a culture taken without clinical suspicion leads only…

…range of about 15–40 Hz , and adjust the gain so that the atrial deflections are clear without clipping. 4. Estimate the depth of insertion…

…aphasia, hemianopia or hand paresis in a person of working age Blood pressure Measure initially in both arms if this does not delay reperfusion treatment…

…aortic balloon pump. Assessment of stroke volume variation as part of fluid management. Contraindications Infection, burn or trauma over the insertion site. Insufficient collateral circulation…

…ulcer A proton pump inhibitor with concomitant NSAID use or a history of ulcer, not routinely Infection Consider Pneumocystis prophylaxis with high doses over a…

…next of kin. Active malignancy with a risk of transmission (an individual assessment; certain tumour types are not a bar). Untreated generalised infection, or certain…

…window of effect, 40 seconds to 5–10 minutes after the injection . 7. Stop the test in the event of bradycardia, bronchospasm, marked salivation or…

…acute glaucoma is suspected (normal 10–21 mmHg). Tonometry is contraindicated with suspected perforation or infection. Removal Proceed from the least to the most invasive…

…of titration is abandoned — when a fixed dose is given without assessment, when a modified release preparation is started in an opioid naive patient, or…

…to try yet another dose. Chronotropic support is given as an infusion of isoprenaline, adrenaline or dopamine according to local practice, and does not replace…

…rate dependent prolongation of the A H interval, frequently manifesting as transient first , second , or third degree AV nodal block lasting up to a few…

…index Asian ancestry Previous muscle disease or a personal or family history of muscle disorders Acute infection Renal or hepatic impairment Hypothyroidism Vitamin D deficiency…

…appropriate specialty: Location Risk Management : : : Medial triangle of the face (nasal root, alae nasi, upper lip) Venous drainage towards the cavernous sinus Surgeon or ENT…

…signs of deep vein thrombosis 3 Pulmonary embolism is the most likely diagnosis 3 Heart rate 100/min 1.5 Immobilisation ≥ 3 days or surgery…

…required because blood causes strong backscatter of the light signal. Imaging is therefore typically performed during contrast injection or another method of temporary blood displacement…