…of infection. Indications Infusion of vesicant solutions: vasopressors, concentrated potassium, cytotoxic drugs, parenteral nutrition. The need for several simultaneous, incompatible infusions. Haemodialysis, plasmapheresis or other…

…choice of device therapy and also suggest whether other interventions (e.g. heart failure management, evaluation for coronary artery disease, etc .) are warranted. Management of…

…preferably anteroposteriorly : one anteriorly over the praecordium to the left of the sternum, the other on the back between the left scapula and the spine…

…Other microorganisms, generally, cause subacute endocarditis. Endocarditis can affect native (own) valves and valve prostheses. As always, foreign materials pose a high risk of infection…

…Lathundar Key messages Two things set the COPD exacerbation apart from many other causes of acute dyspnoea: oxygen must be titrated cautiously and the blood…

Procedurer A corticosteroid injection into soft tissue gives rapid but time limited pain relief and rarely alters the natural history of the disease. In lateral…

…and other viral respiratory infections. However, in some individuals the infection may be severe and deadly. Importantly, COVID 19 has caused an unprecedented number of…

…will experience severe chest pain due to the abrupt reduction of coronary blood flow. Acute coronary syndromes are subdivided into STE ACS and NSTE ACS …

…the limb leads in their anatomically contiguous manner; that is, from left superior basal to right inferior. In other words, the following order: aVL, I…

…the only signs of infection. Corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive treatments can blunt the febrile response. A neutropenic patient with a suspected infection and organ dysfunction…

…peripheral artery disease (PAD), and other manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis. The principal clinical concern is cerebral embolism or haemodynamic compromise leading to transient ischaemic attack…

…coronary or valvular disease Recent (<48 hours) use of dipyridamole or dipyridamole containing medications Ingestion of caffeinated foods or beverages within 12 hours prior to…

…Alternative route : Central venous administration of adenosine is suitable in the intensive care unit or coronary care unit. Adenosine injection must be administered quickly (1…

…increases the quality of the examination, and allows for standardized comparisons of serial examinations. If pathology is discovered during the standard examination, other examinations (which…

…then 100 mg × 1 5–7 days Epiglottitis and other severe upper airway infection cefotaxime 1–2 g × 3 IV Depends on the diagnosis Always…

…Use of cannabis, electronic cigarettes or other inhaled products. Readiness to attempt cessation. Depression, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, HIV infection or other circumstances that may affect…

…of whether its other parts are above the baseline. T wave inversions are frequently misunderstood, particularly in the setting of ischemia. Normal T wave inversion…

…of seizures, delirium tremens, infection, trauma and metabolic disturbance. 4. Monitoring at the appropriate level of care , with readiness for respiratory support. 5. Treatment of…

…itself. It may cause symptoms and impaired quality of life, contribute to heart failure, and increase the risk of stroke and other thromboembolic events. Subclinical…

…compression. Infection in the skin overlying the puncture site. Previous pelvic irradiation on the intended side (yields fibrotic, unrepresentative marrow — choose the other side). A…

…tree after selective intracoronary contrast injection under fluoroscopy. The procedure is performed by advancing guidewires and diagnostic catheters from a percutaneous arterial access site to…

…with several simultaneous renal insults. Infection, hypovolaemia, cardiac dysfunction, haemodynamic instability, anaemia and other nephrotoxic exposures may contribute to tubular injury, making attribution to contrast…

…drinking in either sex. Other definitions of unhealthy drinking include at least two drinks daily in women or three in men, or at least four…

…obstruction of the bowel or the urinary tract. Marked bradycardia, sick sinus syndrome or high grade AV block without pacemaker protection. Asthma and other marked…

…Palpate the pulses and measure the ankle brachial index with Doppler. 4. Culture only in the presence of clinical signs of infection — all chronic wounds…

…the threshold, but the threshold varies between regions. Infection of the skin over the puncture site. Marked haemodynamic instability — stabilise the patient first. CT before…

…acute stroke to identify large vessel occlusion, dissection or other vascular pathology CT perfusion Used with an unclear time of onset, a late time window…

…of heart block, wheezing, and peripheral vasodilation, respectively. Pharmacokinetics and Administration Technique Adenosine is extensively and rapidly cleared from the plasma by cellular uptake into…

…value of these techniques rests on their ability to characterize the anatomy responsible for a stenosis, define plaque morphology, identify occult lesions, and optimize percutaneous…

…gradual loss of myocardium leads to ventricular dilation and right heart failure. Biventricular heart failure is less common. ECG in ARVC T wave inversion in…

…acidic environment inactivates the anaesthetic. Place a field block in healthy skin around the abscess instead of injecting into it, and expect the procedure to…

…dyspnea (10%). The major ECG findings in ARVC are T wave inversion in V1–V3 (in the absence of right bundle branch block); virtually all…

…eGFR of 30 40 mL/min for lower urinary tract infection. At an eGFR <30 mL/min the antibacterial effect is lost. Dosed independently of…

…with the poison control centre. Gastric lavage is considered only after a life threatening ingestion of a highly toxic substance, where the patient arrives within…

…a fracture in the cribriform plate into the cranium Absolute Corrosive injury of the oesophagus or stomach after ingestion of a caustic substance Absolute Choanal…

…local practice Relative Skin infection, herpes zoster or burns over the puncture site Relative Mechanical ventilation with a high PEEP (an increased risk of pneumothorax…

…Etiologies of tension pneumothorax include: Traumatic injuries (blunt force, lacerations, gunshot wounds) Asthmatic episodes Iatrogenic events (e.g., during central venous catheter insertion) Underlying lung…

…Infection or burns over the puncture site. Osteogenesis imperfecta and severe osteoporosis (relative). An inability to identify the landmarks. Choice of vein and cannula size…

…first. Procedure Choice of insertion site The left lower quadrant is the first choice : the abdominal wall is thinner there than on the right, and…

…larger , since a mask that is too small leaks and gives a poorer seal. Procedure Insertion of the laryngeal mask 1. Check the mask, remove…

…mouthful of water and hold it. Advance the electrode at the very moment the patient swallows — the pharyngeal muscles then guide the tip into the…

…aortic balloon pump. Assessment of stroke volume variation as part of fluid management. Contraindications Infection, burn or trauma over the insertion site. Insufficient collateral circulation…

…poorer absorption. Injection into an arm with a dialysis fistula. Preparation and equipment Hand disinfection; gloves where there is a risk of blood contact. An…

…infarction). Inversion of T waves indicates reperfusion The slow natural normalization of ST segment elevation (in untreated patients) is depicted in Figure 2 . As evident…

…or a damaged nail fold edge Nail avulsion and inspection of the nail bed, with suture of any nail bed laceration Contraindications There are no…

…The commonest cause of wound infection is retained contamination, not poor suture technique — and the commonest cause of permanent loss of function is a tendon…

…sample : cortisol and plasma ACTH. The ACTH sample is taken before the injection and handled chilled. 4. Inject 0.25 mg of tetracosactide intravenously , slowly…

…and respiratory acidosis, or a markedly increased work of breathing with impending exhaustion. Threatened airway obstruction: inhalation injury, anaphylaxis, deep neck infection, an expanding haematoma…

…Time to onset of action 1 to 2 minutes Duration of action 10 to 30 minutes Delivery IV Dose Bolus injection : 5 to 15 mg…

Referensvärden Reference ranges are statistical: by definition they encompass 95 % of a healthy reference population, which means that one healthy value in twenty falls outside…

…Checking an intrauterine device or a pessary. Assessment of prolapse. Sampling for a suspected sexually transmitted infection — although chlamydia and gonorrhoea can be tested on…

…Relative — avoid forced manoeuvres An ongoing respiratory infection with a risk of transmission Until symptom free Haemoptysis of unclear cause Until investigated Relative obstacles also…

…Which of the following describes a 'Black athlete repolarization variant' considered a normal ECG finding? A: T wave inversion in leads V1 V3 in athletes…

…salicylate poisoning, intubation with an inadequate minute ventilation can rapidly worsen the acidaemia and increase the entry of salicylate into the central nervous system. Discuss…

…Choice of technique Diagnostic question Method Comment : : : Pigmented lesion, suspected melanoma Excision with a 1–3 mm margin, down into the subcutis Never a shave…

…the samples are sent correctly. A corticosteroid must never be injected into a joint in which infection has not been excluded. Indications Acute monoarthritis in…

…Injection of contrast media into the ventricle will instead reveal that the apical portion of the left ventricle is dilated (hence the term apical ballooning…

…spread of infection A small or uncooperative child Movement causes injury Preparation and equipment Otoscopy: an otoscope with a charged battery and clean disposable specula…

…of the medulla result in the blood pressure lowering effect. Effects Potent blood pressure lowering effect. Pain relief. Delivery IV, IM, PO, transdermal Dose Injection…

Cardiology Respiratory medicine Definition and Pathophysiology Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a heterogeneous pathophysiological disorder characterized primarily by elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure. It may arise…