…Catheter length: the right internal jugular vein requires the shortest catheter, while left sided and femoral insertions require longer ones — check the length in the…

…a fracture in the cribriform plate into the cranium Absolute Corrosive injury of the oesophagus or stomach after ingestion of a caustic substance Absolute Choanal…

…local practice Relative Skin infection, herpes zoster or burns over the puncture site Relative Mechanical ventilation with a high PEEP (an increased risk of pneumothorax…

…animal model of haemorrhageinduced traumatic cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2019; 140:37 42. Endo A, Kojima M, Hong ZJ, Otomo Y, Coimbra R. Open chest versus…

…Infection or burns over the puncture site. Osteogenesis imperfecta and severe osteoporosis (relative). An inability to identify the landmarks. Choice of vein and cannula size…

…left side so that the fluid collects in the left flank. Have the patient empty the bladder first. Procedure Choice of insertion site The left…

…larger , since a mask that is too small leaks and gives a poorer seal. Procedure Insertion of the laryngeal mask 1. Check the mask, remove…

…base of skull fracture or marked coagulopathy argues against the nasal route; the oral route may then be considered. Preparation and equipment A 12 lead…

…aortic balloon pump. Assessment of stroke volume variation as part of fluid management. Contraindications Infection, burn or trauma over the insertion site. Insufficient collateral circulation…

…poorer absorption. Injection into an arm with a dialysis fistula. Preparation and equipment Hand disinfection; gloves where there is a risk of blood contact. An…

Procedurer A corticosteroid injection into soft tissue gives rapid but time limited pain relief and rarely alters the natural history of the disease. In lateral…

…in particular that exceeds the patient's normal variation and requires a change of treatment. Common precipitants are viral infection, bacterial infection and air pollution…

…in some individuals the infection may be severe and deadly. Importantly, COVID 19 has caused an unprecedented number of severe and deadly infections among young…

…elevations are classified as STE ACS . Virtually all cases of STE ACS lead to myocardial infarction (elevated troponin levels), whereafter the condition is classified as…

…the purpose of assessing ST segment return, one should preferably use continuous ST segment monitoring. If monitoring equipment is not available, 12 lead ECGs should…

…condition and should be managed urgently. The risk of cardiogenic shock is high and pharmacological interventions are often futile. A transcutaneous pacemaker is often necessary…

…anterior (V1) to left lateral (V6), but regrettably, the limb leads are not. Instead, the limb leads are displayed in two groups of three: leads…

…or a damaged nail fold edge Nail avulsion and inspection of the nail bed, with suture of any nail bed laceration Contraindications There are no…

…foreign materials pose a high risk of infection. Approximately 20% of all endocarditis affect people with valve prostheses and among other cases 18% show significant…

…on the hand. These are as a rule left open. Facial bites can be sutured after careful debridement because of the cosmesis, often with antibiotic…

…the day of the test can therefore be given dexamethasone. That is the practical key: the patient does not have to be left unprotected for…

…and respiratory acidosis, or a markedly increased work of breathing with impending exhaustion. Threatened airway obstruction: inhalation injury, anaphylaxis, deep neck infection, an expanding haematoma…

…infectious diseases physician early in a high risk course, in instability, with resistance problems, or with suspected fungal infection 10 Document the times of triag

…Time to onset of action 1 to 2 minutes Duration of action 10 to 30 minutes Delivery IV Dose Bolus injection : 5 to 15 mg…

…coronary or valvular disease Recent (<48 hours) use of dipyridamole or dipyridamole containing medications Ingestion of caffeinated foods or beverages within 12 hours prior to…

…of thyroid disease; repeat it once the patient has recovered. Pitfalls Haemolysis raises the potassium, LDH and AST and lowers the haptoglobin. A tourniquet left…

…transmitted infection — although chlamydia and gonorrhoea can be tested on urine or a self taken vaginal sample without a speculum. Routine gynaecological examination of asymptomatic…

…Relative — avoid forced manoeuvres An ongoing respiratory infection with a risk of transmission Until symptom free Haemoptysis of unclear cause Until investigated Relative obstacles also…

…Which of the following describes a 'Black athlete repolarization variant' considered a normal ECG finding? A: T wave inversion in leads V1 V3 in athletes…

…Alternative route : Central venous administration of adenosine is suitable in the intensive care unit or coronary care unit. Adenosine injection must be administered quickly (1…

…12 lead ECG is not required; limb lead II is sufficient and it provides adequate opportunities for rhythm diagnostics, as well as detection of T…

…because the prevalence of severe asymptomatic stenosis is low, screening has not been shown to reduce stroke risk, and detection may lead to inappropriate anxiety…

…primary infection, low risk of recurrence vancomycin 125 mg × 4 PO 10 days Clostridioides difficile, high risk of recurrence fidaxomicin 200 mg × 2 PO 10…

…of seizures, delirium tremens, infection, trauma and metabolic disturbance. 4. Monitoring at the appropriate level of care , with readiness for respiratory support. 5. Treatment of…

…salicylate poisoning, intubation with an inadequate minute ventilation can rapidly worsen the acidaemia and increase the entry of salicylate into the central nervous system. Discuss…

…misunderstood, particularly in the setting of ischemia. Normal T wave inversion An isolated (single) T wave inversion in lead V1 is common and normal. It…

…with the poison control centre. Gastric lavage is considered only after a life threatening ingestion of a highly toxic substance, where the patient arrives within…

…Choice of technique Diagnostic question Method Comment : : : Pigmented lesion, suspected melanoma Excision with a 1–3 mm margin, down into the subcutis Never a shave…

…Use of cannabis, electronic cigarettes or other inhaled products. Readiness to attempt cessation. Depression, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, HIV infection or other circumstances that may affect…

…corticosteroid injection in verified inflammatory or osteoarthritis related joint disease. Contraindications Infection of the skin or soft tissues over the puncture site — use another approach…

…Injection of contrast media into the ventricle will instead reveal that the apical portion of the left ventricle is dilated (hence the term apical ballooning…

…spread of infection A small or uncooperative child Movement causes injury Preparation and equipment Otoscopy: an otoscope with a charged battery and clean disposable specula…

…What usually ruins the examination is not the technique but the handling of the specimen — an aspirate that clots before the smears are made is…

…of the medulla result in the blood pressure lowering effect. Effects Potent blood pressure lowering effect. Pain relief. Delivery IV, IM, PO, transdermal Dose Injection…

…and whether left ventricular systolic function is depressed or preserved Whether hypotension is present Whether an accessory pathway is suspected, particularly before administration of digoxin…

…to complement ICA, particularly for intermediate non left main coronary stenoses. Myocardial ischaemia may occur despite the absence of significant epicardial obstruction. In patients with…

…PH) is a heterogeneous pathophysiological disorder characterized primarily by elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure. It may arise from pulmonary vascular disease, left sided cardiac disease…

…and aVL may occasionally display an isolated (single) T wave inversion. The term isolated implies that none of the neighboring leads display T wave inversions…

…the threshold, but the threshold varies between regions. Infection of the skin over the puncture site. Marked haemodynamic instability — stabilise the patient first. CT before…

…failure — compression of both legs acutely increases preload. Untreated deep vein thrombosis in the acute phase. Septic phlebitis, ongoing soft tissue infection with systemic involvement…

…done without losing time. 7. Perform urgent CT of the brain and CT angiography from the aortic arch to the vertex. 8. Contact the thrombectomy…

…proton pump inhibitor with concomitant NSAID use or a history of ulcer, not routinely Infection Consider Pneumocystis prophylaxis with high doses over a long period…

…to the next of kin. Active malignancy with a risk of transmission (an individual assessment; certain tumour types are not a bar). Untreated generalised infection…

…slowly. Rapid injection increases the risk of nicotinic effects with paradoxically increasing weakness. 6. Assess the chosen finding continuously during the window of effect, 40…

…the rest. Support your working hand against the patient's zygoma or the bridge of the nose. 4. Approach tangentially from the periphery , never through…

…undiluted syringe of 10 mg/mL makes small adjustments impossible. Procedure Intravenous titration in acute severe pain Practical points during titration: Give the injection slowly…

…caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Clinically this usually corresponds to an acute increase in the SOFA score of at least 2 points…

…infection at the puncture site, known thrombosis in the target vein. With a mechanical tricuspid prosthesis the lead must not be passed through the valve…

…A flush should immediately follow the bolus injection to ensure rapid delivery to the central circulation. If the drug is injected into a central vein…

…and atherosclerotic coronary disease In patients with heavy alcohol use, left ventricular dilation may precede the development of increased left ventricular hypertrophy and mass. Initially…