…and respiratory acidosis, or a markedly increased work of breathing with impending exhaustion. Threatened airway obstruction: inhalation injury, anaphylaxis, deep neck infection, an expanding haematoma…

…clean with a tracheostomy or copious secretions Subclavian vein Most comfortable for the patient, the most stable dressing, lowest risk of infection and thrombosis with…

…cribriform plate into the cranium Absolute Corrosive injury of the oesophagus or stomach after ingestion of a caustic substance Absolute Choanal atresia or an occluded…

…local practice Relative Skin infection, herpes zoster or burns over the puncture site Relative Mechanical ventilation with a high PEEP (an increased risk of pneumothorax…

…should be utilized. The cannula is inserted into the 4th or 5th intercostal space along the anterior axillary line. Thoracostomy This method is generally deemed…

…Infection or burns over the puncture site. Osteogenesis imperfecta and severe osteoporosis (relative). An inability to identify the landmarks. Choice of vein and cannula size…

…first. Procedure Choice of insertion site The left lower quadrant is the first choice : the abdominal wall is thinner there than on the right, and…

…down into the larynx. The difficult airway rarely kills because the tube would not pass, but because the team keeps trying to intubate instead of…

…swallows — the pharyngeal muscles then guide the tip into the oesophagus rather than into the trachea. Coughing, stridor or an inability to speak means malposition…

…aortic balloon pump. Assessment of stroke volume variation as part of fluid management. Contraindications Infection, burn or trauma over the insertion site. Insufficient collateral circulation…

…Injection into an arm with a dialysis fistula. Preparation and equipment Hand disinfection; gloves where there is a risk of blood contact. An alcohol or…

Procedurer A corticosteroid injection into soft tissue gives rapid but time limited pain relief and rarely alters the natural history of the disease. In lateral…

…risk of hypercapnia has been assessed. 3. Take an arterial blood gas in respiratory compromise, low saturation, suspected carbon dioxide retention, reduced consciousness, or when…

…in some individuals the infection may be severe and deadly. Importantly, COVID 19 has caused an unprecedented number of severe and deadly infections among young…

…Figure 1. Flowchart showing the natural course of coronary artery disease and classification of acute coronary syndromes into STEMI, NSTEMI and unstable angina using ECG…

…gradual inversion of the T waves. These T waves are called post ischemic T waves and they indicate that the infarction process is more or…

…etc .) are warranted. Management of AV blocks aims to restore atrioventricular conduction either pharmacologically or by means of artificial pacemakers. Both methods may be used…

…facilitates ECG interpretation (e.g. interpretation of myocardial ischemia and electrical axis). All modern ECG machines can present either aVR or –aVR; we recommend that …

…loosened or avulsed nail plate, or a damaged nail fold edge Nail avulsion and inspection of the nail bed, with suture of any nail bed…

…common agent. These streptococci most often originate from the oral cavity and affect heart valves that have some kind of damage, change or degeneration. Endocarditis…

…usually visible on plain films. Irrigation fluid: a copious volume of drinking quality tap water or sodium chloride 9 mg/mL. The volume matters more…

…insufficiency in pituitary disease, after pituitary surgery or radiotherapy, or with suspected suppression of the HPA axis after long term glucocorticoid treatment. A basal morning…

…rigors, abdominal pain or a rapid deterioration in general condition may be the only signs of infection. Corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive treatments can blunt the…

…Time to onset of action 1 to 2 minutes Duration of action 10 to 30 minutes Delivery IV Dose Bolus injection : 5 to 15 mg…

…or severe coronary or valvular disease Recent (<48 hours) use of dipyridamole or dipyridamole containing medications Ingestion of caffeinated foods or beverages within 12 hours…

…a large change in TSH. During acute illness the TSH can be falsely low or high in the absence of thyroid disease; repeat it once…

…transmitted infection — although chlamydia and gonorrhoea can be tested on urine or a self taken vaginal sample without a speculum. Routine gynaecological examination of asymptomatic…

…or an intracranial aneurysm Contact the responsible specialist An aortic aneurysm 6 cm Relative — avoid forced manoeuvres An ongoing respiratory infection with a risk of…

…Which of the following describes a 'Black athlete repolarization variant' considered a normal ECG finding? A: T wave inversion in leads V1 V3 in athletes…

…Alternative route : Central venous administration of adenosine is suitable in the intensive care unit or coronary care unit. Adenosine injection must be administered quickly (1…

Echocardiography The echocardiographic examination The use of echocardiography has increased dramatically during the past few decades. Advances in echocardiography have been propelled by breakthroughs in…

…be questioned specifically about neurological symptoms during the preceding 6 months. Those with symptoms suggestive of TIA or stroke require neurological consultation and, when appropriate…

…7 days or doxycycline 200 mg × 1 on day 1, then 100 mg × 1 5–7 days Epiglottitis and other severe upper airway infection cefotaxime…

…Parenteral thiamine early , preferably before or at the same time as carbohydrate administration. 3. Rapid identification of seizures, delirium tremens, infection, trauma and metabolic disturbance…

…increase the entry of salicylate into the central nervous system. Discuss the case early with the poison control centre and with anaesthesia or intensive care…

… However, T wave inversions that are accompanied by ST segment deviation (either depression or elevation) is representative of ischemia (but in that scenario, it is…

…after a life threatening ingestion of a highly toxic substance, where the patient arrives within about 1 hour (a liquid preparation) or 2 hours (tablets…

…have diathermy or aluminium chloride available. Infection in the area to be biopsied. Hypersensitivity to local anaesthetics. Areas at high risk of unsightly or hypertrophic…

…Use of cannabis, electronic cigarettes or other inhaled products. Readiness to attempt cessation. Depression, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, HIV infection or other circumstances that may affect…

…as part of the diagnostic work up. Haemarthrosis after trauma. A symptomatic effusion causing pain or restricted movement (therapeutic aspiration). Intra articular corticosteroid injection in…

…Injection of contrast media into the ventricle will instead reveal that the apical portion of the left ventricle is dilated (hence the term apical ballooning…

…healing Ear canal stenosis or exostoses Narrow and hard to reach Ongoing otitis externa Pain, spread of infection A small or uncooperative child Movement causes…

…the needle may perforate into the mediastinum. The anterior superior iliac spine is a second line alternative in marked obesity or when the supine position…

…of the medulla result in the blood pressure lowering effect. Effects Potent blood pressure lowering effect. Pain relief. Delivery IV, IM, PO, transdermal Dose Injection…

…ischaemic electrocardiographic changes during rapid AF. ST segment depression or T wave inversion can occur without coronary artery disease. Proposed explanations in the source material…

…Assessing the haemodynamic significance of lesions whose angiographic severity is uncertain. Supporting decisions regarding revascularization and, in selected patients, identifying microvascular or vasomotor coronary disorders…

…liver disease, airway or lung disease, and hyperthyroidism; follow up and investigation of the cause of increased flow are appropriate. Exercise PH is defined by…

…and aVL may occasionally display an isolated (single) T wave inversion. The term isolated implies that none of the neighboring leads display T wave inversions…

…treatment or marked coagulopathy. A platelet count below 50 × 10⁹/L is often quoted as the threshold, but the threshold varies between regions. Infection of…

…4. Culture only in the presence of clinical signs of infection — all chronic wounds are colonised, and a culture taken without clinical suspicion leads only…

…the stroke call. 2. Establish the time of symptom onset or the time last known to be well. 3. Assess airway, breathing and circulation. 4…

…ulcer A proton pump inhibitor with concomitant NSAID use or a history of ulcer, not routinely Infection Consider Pneumocystis prophylaxis with high doses over a…

…next of kin. Active malignancy with a risk of transmission (an individual assessment; certain tumour types are not a bar). Untreated generalised infection, or certain…

…sick sinus syndrome or high grade AV block without pacemaker protection. Asthma and other marked obstructive airways disease — relative; the risk of bronchospasm is real…

…acute glaucoma is suspected (normal 10–21 mmHg). Tonometry is contraindicated with suspected perforation or infection. Removal Proceed from the least to the most invasive…

…of titration is abandoned — when a fixed dose is given without assessment, when a modified release preparation is started in an opioid naive patient, or…

…sepsis Suspected or confirmed infection together with new organ dysfunction must raise the suspicion of sepsis. The patient need not have fever, leucocytosis or a…

…to try yet another dose. Chronotropic support is given as an infusion of isoprenaline, adrenaline or dopamine according to local practice, and does not replace…

…the extracellular space via washout, enzymatic degradation to inosine, phosphorylation to AMP, and reuptake into cells through a nucleoside transport system. Because of these highly…

…fluid ounces of 40% distilled spirits. Habitual heavy consumption is defined in the source material as at least eight drinks weekly in females or at…