…glucose IV Carbamates Atropine Pralidoxime chloride Cyanide hydroxocobalamin Cyanide antidote kit (includes amyl nitrate, sodium nitrite, and sodium thiosulfate) Dabigatran Idarucizumab Digitalis glycosides (digoxin, digitoxin…

…loosened or avulsed nail plate, or a damaged nail fold edge Nail avulsion and inspection of the nail bed, with suture of any nail bed…

…with sodium chloride) before intravenous titration. Half of all opioid dosing errors arise at the dilution step, and an undiluted syringe of 10 mg/mL…

…skin, smell, injection marks, medication patches and trauma. Remove contaminated clothing and wash the skin after external exposure A low Glasgow Coma Scale is not…

…usually visible on plain films. Irrigation fluid: a copious volume of drinking quality tap water or sodium chloride 9 mg/mL. The volume matters more…

…spread of infection A small or uncooperative child Movement causes injury Preparation and equipment Otoscopy: an otoscope with a charged battery and clean disposable specula…

…varies widely and may involve intrinsic cardiac disease, extrinsic systemic conditions, or pharmacologic effects. Inflammatory heart disease, caused by infections (viral, bacterial, protozoal, fungal, parasitic)…

…mg/kg, maximum 2 g Calcium chloride 10 mL of 100 mg/mL in hyperkalaemia, hypocalcaemia, calcium channel blocker poisoning 0.2 mL/kg Sodium…

…episodes Iatrogenic events (e.g., during central venous catheter insertion) Underlying lung pathologies In cases of benign pneumothorax, positive pressure ventilation can precipitate a tension…

…For vaccination: adrenaline 1 mg/mL, an antihistamine, oxygen, and the ability to lay the patient down. Injection Needle Angle Maximum volume per site : : : : Deltoid…

…pain relief is a diagnostic finding — and appears to reduce the risk of a post injection flare. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL without adrenaline is used…

…sample : cortisol and plasma ACTH. The ACTH sample is taken before the injection and handled chilled. 4. Inject 0.25 mg of tetracosactide intravenously , slowly…

…IV Dose Bolus injection : 5 to 15 mg every 5 to 15 minutes as necessary. Continuous infusion: Start infusion at 0.1 mg/min and…

…and Clinical Role Invasive coronary angiography (ICA) is a catheter based investigation that visualizes the coronary arterial tree after selective intracoronary contrast injection under fluoroscopy…

…infection or gastroenteritis at home Double or triple the oral daily dose during the days of illness (the patient's sick day rules) Vomiting or…

…the samples are sent correctly. A corticosteroid must never be injected into a joint in which infection has not been excluded. Indications Acute monoarthritis in…

…transdermal Dose Injection IV: • 150 μg in 1 ml vial. Dilute with 10 ml of normal saline and give by slow injection over 5…

…Injection of contrast media into the ventricle will instead reveal that the apical portion of the left ventricle is dilated (hence the term apical ballooning…

…dose without troublesome adverse effects, give a further 8 mg intravenously , slowly. Rapid injection increases the risk of nicotinic effects with paradoxically increasing weakness. 6…

…before the drug is eliminated. A flush should immediately follow the bolus injection to ensure rapid delivery to the central circulation. If the drug is…

…backscatter of the light signal. Imaging is therefore typically performed during contrast injection or another method of temporary blood displacement. OCT is particularly useful for…

…in the intensive care unit or coronary care unit. Adenosine injection must be administered quickly (1 2 seconds), followed immediately by a rapid saline flush …

…100−200 mg slow iv injection. Rarely used. Glucagon Counteracts beta blockers. An antidote to beta blockers. 2–10 mg bolus followed by 2–5…

…Infections are difficult to heal because the heart valves are not vascularized and therefore it is difficult for the immune system to reach the bacteria…

…Lathundar Key message Fever in a neutropenic patient is an emergency. Infection can progress rapidly, while the typical local signs of inflammation may be faint…

…normal variation and requires a change of treatment. Common precipitants are viral infection, bacterial infection and air pollution, but often no definite trigger can be…

…as carbohydrate administration. 3. Rapid identification of seizures, delirium tremens, infection, trauma and metabolic disturbance. 4. Monitoring at the appropriate level of care , with readiness…

…Assessment of stroke volume variation as part of fluid management. Contraindications Infection, burn or trauma over the insertion site. Insufficient collateral circulation to the hand…

…low platelet counts, followed by compression. Infection in the skin overlying the puncture site. Previous pelvic irradiation on the intended side (yields fibrotic, unrepresentative marrow…

Procedurer What determines the outcome of a central venous catheter insertion is decided before the needle goes in: the choice of site, the use of…

…the eGFR stages and albuminuria. Inflammation and infection Test Reference Comment : : : CRP < 3 mg/L Rises within 6–8 h, half life about 19…

…work of breathing with impending exhaustion. Threatened airway obstruction: inhalation injury, anaphylaxis, deep neck infection, an expanding haematoma, facial trauma. An anticipated course requiring a…

…Sampling for a suspected sexually transmitted infection — although chlamydia and gonorrhoea can be tested on urine or a self taken vaginal sample without a speculum…

…Suspected subarachnoid haemorrhage with a normal or non diagnostic CT. Suspected neuroborreliosis, neurosyphilis or another CNS infection. Suspected inflammatory disease: multiple sclerosis, Guillain–Barré syndrome…

…be given intravenously , at the same dose. Blood samples can be taken at insertion; a blood gas and electrolytes can be interpreted, but some laboratories…

…coagulopathy or thrombocytopenia Relative Ongoing anticoagulant treatment — plan the aspiration for the trough level or pause the drug according to local practice Relative Skin infection…

…wait for complete diagnostic certainty. Sepsis is defined as life threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Clinically this usually corresponds…

…aortic aneurysm 6 cm Relative — avoid forced manoeuvres An ongoing respiratory infection with a risk of transmission Until symptom free Haemoptysis of unclear cause Until…

…Injections • IV: 10–40 mg every 4–6 hours • IM: 10–20 mg every 4–6 hours. Infusion • Afterload reduction : Start infusion at 1 mg…

…intravenous bolus injections or as a constant dose infusion. Bolus regime : • 20 mg IV bolus over 2 minutes, followed by 20 to 80 mg every…

…in increased levels of circulating pro inflammatory cytokines that may cause plaque rupture (i.e the risk of atherosclerotic plaque rupture is increased during infections)…

…causally responsible. This distinction is important because AKI after a contrast study frequently occurs in patients with several simultaneous renal insults. Infection, hypovolaemia, cardiac dysfunction…

…inclisiran permits subcutaneous administration only twice yearly, an important practical distinction from therapies requiring monthly or biweekly injections. Inclisiran is used as an adjunct to…

…abscess, a markedly unwell patient with fever and systemic upset, suspected necrotising soft tissue infection, a child who cannot tolerate the procedure while awake. Suspected…

…in properly selected patients. Tenecteplase 0.25 mg/kg is a safe and effective alternative to alteplase and is simpler to administer, since the whole…

…160 mg twice daily 160 mg twice daily 160 mg twice daily 100 mg twice daily Do not use Trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole 160/800 mg twice…

…individual assessment; certain tumour types are not a bar). Untreated generalised infection, or certain transmissible agents according to the current transmission risk assessment. In DCD…

…or doxycycline 200 mg × 1 on day 1, then 100 mg × 1 5–7 days Epiglottitis and other severe upper airway infection cefotaxime 1–2…

…acute glaucoma is suspected (normal 10–21 mmHg). Tonometry is contraindicated with suspected perforation or infection. Removal Proceed from the least to the most invasive…

…failure The insulin requirement falls . Reduce the dose and measure more frequently Acute illness and infection The insulin requirement rises, often despite a reduced food…

…Septic phlebitis, ongoing soft tissue infection with systemic involvement. Relative: Condition Adaptation : : ABI 0.5–0.79 Reduced compression (20–30 mmHg) under vascular surgical…

…vein thrombosis 3 Pulmonary embolism is the most likely diagnosis 3 Heart rate 100/min 1.5 Immobilisation ≥ 3 days or surgery in the last…

…stopped for small biopsies, but have diathermy or aluminium chloride available. Infection in the area to be biopsied. Hypersensitivity to local anaesthetics. Areas at high…

…pacing: the relative contraindications are the same as for a central venous catheter — coagulopathy, infection at the puncture site, known thrombosis in the target vein…

…heritable, drug associated, or associated with conditions such as systemic sclerosis, HIV infection, cirrhosis, and sickle cell disease. The classification also recognizes vasoreactivity subgroups among…

…schizoaffective disorder, HIV infection or other circumstances that may affect cessation or treatment monitoring. Single question screening can identify unhealthy drug use requiring counselling regarding…

…LDL particles from the circulation. Statins also reduce production of apoB 100 containing lipoproteins and exert effects beyond LDL C reduction, including modulation of inflammation…

Procedurer The insertion itself is rarely the difficult part — it is the confirmation of the position that determines whether the tube is safe. A misplaced…

…in which the patient reaches hospital early. The benefit of both methods falls steeply with the time since ingestion, and both can harm the patient…

…over the insertion site Change the puncture site Preparation and equipment Ultrasound with a curved array probe. Sterile preparation (chlorhexidine in alcohol 5 mg/mL…