…oxygen, and the ability to lay the patient down. Injection Needle Angle Maximum volume per site : : : : Deltoid, adult 23–25 G, 25 mm 90° 1…

…a post injection flare. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL without adrenaline is used; larger volumes are needed subacromially and trochanterically to distribute the dose within the…

…respond to maximal ACTH stimulation, and it is rarely the injection itself that determines whether the result can be interpreted. What decides that is whether…

…to 2 minutes Duration of action 10 to 30 minutes Delivery IV Dose Bolus injection : 5 to 15 mg every 5 to 15 minutes as…

…and Clinical Role Invasive coronary angiography (ICA) is a catheter based investigation that visualizes the coronary arterial tree after selective intracoronary contrast injection under fluoroscopy…

…use or a history of ulcer, not routinely Infection Consider Pneumocystis prophylaxis with high doses over a long period, according to the local protocol Psychiatric…

…or refrain. Bacteraemia without suspicion of joint infection (relative; aspiration can seed a sterile joint). Marked coagulopathy or an anticoagulant at a therapeutic dose (relative;…

…by slow injection over 5 10 minutes. Dilute immediately before use. PO: Alternatives: Dixarit 25 μg tablets. Catapress 150 μg tablets. Dose: 75…

…Injection of contrast media into the ventricle will instead reveal that the apical portion of the left ventricle is dilated (hence the term apical ballooning…

…If the patient tolerates the test dose without troublesome adverse effects, give a further 8 mg intravenously , slowly. Rapid injection increases the risk of nicotinic…

…loosened or avulsed nail plate, or a damaged nail fold edge Nail avulsion and inspection of the nail bed, with suture of any nail bed…

…rapid injection causes nausea and a fall in blood pressure without better analgesia. Flush the cannula before and after every dose, otherwise the dose does…

…skin, smell, injection marks, medication patches and trauma. Remove contaminated clothing and wash the skin after external exposure A low Glasgow Coma Scale is not…

…the bolus injection to ensure rapid delivery to the central circulation. If the drug is injected into a central vein, the initial dose should be…

…backscatter of the light signal. Imaging is therefore typically performed during contrast injection or another method of temporary blood displacement. OCT is particularly useful for…

…in the intensive care unit or coronary care unit. Adenosine injection must be administered quickly (1 2 seconds), followed immediately by a rapid saline flush …

…treatments that can be attempted until a pacemaker is established. Drug Effect Dose, kinetics Comment Atropine Acetylcholine receptor antagonist 1 mg IV every 3 5…

…Infections are difficult to heal because the heart valves are not vascularized and therefore it is difficult for the immune system to reach the bacteria…

…Lathundar Key message Fever in a neutropenic patient is an emergency. Infection can progress rapidly, while the typical local signs of inflammation may be faint…

…will heal badly however neatly the suture is placed. The commonest cause of wound infection is retained contamination, not poor suture technique — and the commonest…

…accessory respiratory muscles or paradoxical abdominal breathing Impending muscle fatigue Respiratory rate above 25 to 30 per minute Increased risk of ventilatory failure New drowsiness…

…tolerance. The most important measures in severe or complicated withdrawal are: 1. A benzodiazepine in a sufficient and repeated dose , titrated against clinical effect. 2…

…complication rate. The femoral artery is the second choice and is often the best in marked shock or during high dose vasopressor treatment, when the…

…low platelet counts, followed by compression. Infection in the skin overlying the puncture site. Previous pelvic irradiation on the intended side (yields fibrotic, unrepresentative marrow…

Procedurer What determines the outcome of a central venous catheter insertion is decided before the needle goes in: the choice of site, the use of…

…the eGFR stages and albuminuria. Inflammation and infection Test Reference Comment : : : CRP < 3 mg/L Rises within 6–8 h, half life about 19…

…calibrated. Working venous access, fluid and a vasopressor drawn up — push dose noradrenaline or phenylephrine must be ready before induction , not looked for afterwards. Monitoring…

…Sampling for a suspected sexually transmitted infection — although chlamydia and gonorrhoea can be tested on urine or a self taken vaginal sample without a speculum…

…Suspected subarachnoid haemorrhage with a normal or non diagnostic CT. Suspected neuroborreliosis, neurosyphilis or another CNS infection. Suspected inflammatory disease: multiple sclerosis, Guillain–Barré syndrome…

…spread of infection A small or uncooperative child Movement causes injury Preparation and equipment Otoscopy: an otoscope with a charged battery and clean disposable specula…

…blood products that can be given intravenously , at the same dose. Blood samples can be taken at insertion; a blood gas and electrolytes can be…

…forward with the arms on a table for diagnostic and therapeutic aspiration; for drain insertion the supine position is used with the arm abducted and…

…wait for complete diagnostic certainty. Sepsis is defined as life threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Clinically this usually corresponds…

…aortic aneurysm 6 cm Relative — avoid forced manoeuvres An ongoing respiratory infection with a risk of transmission Until symptom free Haemoptysis of unclear cause Until…

…Delivery IV or IM. Dose Injections • IV: 10–40 mg every 4–6 hours • IM: 10–20 mg every 4–6 hours. Infusion • Afterload reduction…

…minutes Duration of action 2 to 4 hours Delivery IV Dose Can be given as repeated intravenous bolus injections or as a constant dose infusion…

…in increased levels of circulating pro inflammatory cytokines that may cause plaque rupture (i.e the risk of atherosclerotic plaque rupture is increased during infections)…

…causally responsible. This distinction is important because AKI after a contrast study frequently occurs in patients with several simultaneous renal insults. Infection, hypovolaemia, cardiac dysfunction…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and therapeutic rationale Inclisiran is a liver directed small interfering RNA (siRNA) designed to reduce production of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin…

…abscess, a markedly unwell patient with fever and systemic upset, suspected necrotising soft tissue infection, a child who cannot tolerate the procedure while awake. Suspected…

…be considered. The doses and Swedish thresholds below are based on the national guideline for the management of reperfusion treatment in ischaemic stroke, Nationell arbetsgrupp…

…40 mL/min for lower urinary tract infection. At an eGFR <30 mL/min the antibacterial effect is lost. Dosed independently of renal function Doxycycline…

…individual assessment; certain tumour types are not a bar). Untreated generalised infection, or certain transmissible agents according to the current transmission risk assessment. In DCD…

…or cefotaxime plus metronidazole 1 g × 3 IV plus 1.5 g for the first dose, then 1 g × 1 IV Clostridioides difficile, primary infection…

…acute glaucoma is suspected (normal 10–21 mmHg). Tonometry is contraindicated with suspected perforation or infection. Removal Proceed from the least to the most invasive…

…repeated doses, according to the local protocol Renal failure The insulin requirement falls . Reduce the dose and measure more frequently Acute illness and infection The…

…Septic phlebitis, ongoing soft tissue infection with systemic involvement. Relative: Condition Adaptation : : ABI 0.5–0.79 Reduced compression (20–30 mmHg) under vascular surgical…

…unless there is an absolute contraindication. The agent and dose are according to the local protocol. Alternatives when there is a contraindication: catheter directed treatment…

…stopped for small biopsies, but have diathermy or aluminium chloride available. Infection in the area to be biopsied. Hypersensitivity to local anaesthetics. Areas at high…

…pacing: the relative contraindications are the same as for a central venous catheter — coagulopathy, infection at the puncture site, known thrombosis in the target vein…

…recommended criterion for precapillary PH, partly because this value has been used in therapeutic studies of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The threshold is not absolute…

…does not produce a proportional reduction in cardiovascular harm. Complete cessation is therefore the preferred therapeutic endpoint. The cardiovascular benefits of cessation extend across primary…

…Predisposing factors The likelihood of SAMS increases with higher statin doses and with several patient and treatment related factors: Age older than 80 years Female…

Procedurer The insertion itself is rarely the difficult part — it is the confirmation of the position that determines whether the tube is safe. A misplaced…

…not afterwards. Indications Medicinal charcoal is given after the ingestion of a potentially toxic dose of a substance that binds to charcoal, when it can…

…straightforward: ultrasound to find the fluid, an insertion site in the left lower quadrant lateral to the rectus sheath, and a cell count plus albumin…

…varies widely and may involve intrinsic cardiac disease, extrinsic systemic conditions, or pharmacologic effects. Inflammatory heart disease, caused by infections (viral, bacterial, protozoal, fungal, parasitic)…

…A markedly raised GGT with the other tests normal is most often enzyme induction by alcohol or drugs and is often of no clinical significance…

…of concept but was not developed for routine coronary prevention because of fatal infections and high cost. Low dose methotrexate did not reduce cardiovascular outcomes…

…heart disease is a complication of rheumatic fever, which is caused by streptococcal infections (group A Streptococcus ). Rheumatic heart disease can occur at any age…