…infection or gastroenteritis at home Double or triple the oral daily dose during the days of illness (the patient's sick day rules) Vomiting or…

… warm ischaemic time is the limiting factor The time critical element The diagnosis and the donor care The time from withdrawal of treatment to circulatory…

…own laboratory uses before applying it. The D dimer is raised in pregnancy, malignancy, infection, surgery, trauma and old age. A positive value is not…

…and acquired factors may interact in its development. PAH may be idiopathic, heritable, drug associated, or associated with conditions such as systemic sclerosis, HIV infection…

…high risk of infection. Approximately 20% of all endocarditis affect people with valve prostheses and among other cases 18% show significant valvular disease. Table 1…

…infection and organ dysfunction must therefore be managed as neutropenic sepsis even if the temperature criterion is not met. The first hour Step Action : : 1…

…Currently, opioid overdose stands as a predominant etiological factor for cardiac arrest within this demographic on a global scale. Numerous substances possess the potential to…

…myocardial demand during the infection. Systemic inflammation results in increased levels of circulating pro inflammatory cytokines that may cause plaque rupture (i.e the risk…

…causally responsible. This distinction is important because AKI after a contrast study frequently occurs in patients with several simultaneous renal insults. Infection, hypovolaemia, cardiac dysfunction…

…4.5 mg/kg IV as a single dose Urosepsis with complicating factors cefotaxime 1 g × 3 IV 10–14 days including oral step down…

…muscle disease or a personal or family history of muscle disorders Acute infection Renal or hepatic impairment Hypothyroidism Vitamin D deficiency Concomitant interacting medications The…

…factors. Colchicine is an established anti inflammatory drug that may inhibit inflammasome activity, reduce interleukin 1β and interleukin 6 signalling, lower C reactive protein…

…income countries, presumably because streptococcal infections are treated very liberally. Figure 1 shows the aortic valve in PSAX (parasternal short axis view). Figure 1. The…

…the general population, the prevalence of asymptomatic carotid stenosis of at least 70% is low, reported as 0–3.1%. In contrast, within selected high…

…the patient down. Injection Needle Angle Maximum volume per site : : : : Deltoid, adult 23–25 G, 25 mm 90° 1–2 mL Deltoid, BMI 35 or…

Procedurer A corticosteroid injection into soft tissue gives rapid but time limited pain relief and rarely alters the natural history of the disease. In lateral…

…respond to maximal ACTH stimulation, and it is rarely the injection itself that determines whether the result can be interpreted. What decides that is whether…

…IV Dose Bolus injection : 5 to 15 mg every 5 to 15 minutes as necessary. Continuous infusion: Start infusion at 0.1 mg/min and…

…and Clinical Role Invasive coronary angiography (ICA) is a catheter based investigation that visualizes the coronary arterial tree after selective intracoronary contrast injection under fluoroscopy…

…Sterile gloves, sterile gauze, and a fenestrated drape for injection. A needle of 0.8–1.2 × 50 mm for large joints (knee, shoulder), 0…

…transdermal Dose Injection IV: • 150 μg in 1 ml vial. Dilute with 10 ml of normal saline and give by slow injection over 5…

…Injection of contrast media into the ventricle will instead reveal that the apical portion of the left ventricle is dilated (hence the term apical ballooning…

…be secured. Preparation and equipment Edrophonium 10 mg/mL, 1 mL (named patient product — order well in advance). Atropine 0.5 mg for premedication, plus…

…loosened or avulsed nail plate, or a damaged nail fold edge Nail avulsion and inspection of the nail bed, with suture of any nail bed…

…given. Oxygen with a mask and a bag available. The opioid drawn up in a 1 mL syringe at a known concentration, clearly labelled. A…

…for neurological, respiratory or haemodynamic failure that cannot be corrected quickly. Rapid sequence induction is used when intubation is required [1]. In salicylate poisoning, intubation…

…Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside present throughout the body that interacts with G protein coupled A1 receptors located on the extracellular surface of cardiac cells…

…strut coverage. OCT has limited tissue penetration, generally approximately 1–3 mm, and may not show the EEM through substantial plaque or calcium. Blood clearance…

…in the intensive care unit or coronary care unit. Adenosine injection must be administered quickly (1 2 seconds), followed immediately by a rapid saline flush …

Conduction defects ECG Management and treatment of AV blocks (AV block 1, 2 & 3) Evaluation of patients with suspected AV blocks requires a thorough medical…

…will heal badly however neatly the suture is placed. The commonest cause of wound infection is retained contamination, not poor suture technique — and the commonest…

…change of treatment. Common precipitants are viral infection, bacterial infection and air pollution, but often no definite trigger can be identified [1,2]. Ask specifically…

…particularly in patients with marked tolerance. The most important measures in severe or complicated withdrawal are: 1. A benzodiazepine in a sufficient and repeated dose…

…Greater extension makes the artery harder to palpate. Procedure Catheter over needle (direct technique) 1. Palpate the course of the artery with two fingertips and…

…low platelet counts, followed by compression. Infection in the skin overlying the puncture site. Previous pelvic irradiation on the intended side (yields fibrotic, unrepresentative marrow…

Procedurer What determines the outcome of a central venous catheter insertion is decided before the needle goes in: the choice of site, the use of…

…acute phase protein Thyroid Test Reference : : TSH 0.4–4.0 mIU/L Free T4 12–22 pmol/L Free T3 3.1–6.8…

…work of breathing with impending exhaustion. Threatened airway obstruction: inhalation injury, anaphylaxis, deep neck infection, an expanding haematoma, facial trauma. An anticipated course requiring a…

…Sampling for a suspected sexually transmitted infection — although chlamydia and gonorrhoea can be tested on urine or a self taken vaginal sample without a speculum…

…Suspected subarachnoid haemorrhage with a normal or non diagnostic CT. Suspected neuroborreliosis, neurosyphilis or another CNS infection. Suspected inflammatory disease: multiple sclerosis, Guillain–Barré syndrome…

…spread of infection A small or uncooperative child Movement causes injury Preparation and equipment Otoscopy: an otoscope with a charged battery and clean disposable specula…

…be given intravenously , at the same dose. Blood samples can be taken at insertion; a blood gas and electrolytes can be interpreted, but some laboratories…

…between regions. Common practice is correction at an INR above 1.5 and a platelet count below 50 × 10⁹/L before drain insertion, while diagnostic…

…wait for complete diagnostic certainty. Sepsis is defined as life threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Clinically this usually corresponds…

…surgery 1 month Neurosurgery or an intracranial aneurysm Contact the responsible specialist An aortic aneurysm 6 cm Relative — avoid forced manoeuvres An ongoing respiratory infection…

…Dose Injections • IV: 10–40 mg every 4–6 hours • IM: 10–20 mg every 4–6 hours. Infusion • Afterload reduction : Start infusion at 1…

…minutes Duration of action 2 to 4 hours Delivery IV Dose Can be given as repeated intravenous bolus injections or as a constant dose infusion…

…inclisiran permits subcutaneous administration only twice yearly, an important practical distinction from therapies requiring monthly or biweekly injections. Inclisiran is used as an adjunct to…

…abscess, a markedly unwell patient with fever and systemic upset, suspected necrotising soft tissue infection, a child who cannot tolerate the procedure while awake. Suspected…

…to alteplase and is simpler to administer, since the whole dose is given as a bolus [1,2]. In a meta analysis of three phase…

…and are given for absolute eGFR in mL/min , not eGFR relative to 1.73 m². Recalculate in patients who are markedly larger or smaller…

…10–21 mmHg). Tonometry is contraindicated with suspected perforation or infection. Removal Proceed from the least to the most invasive technique. 1. Irrigate with sterile…

…few days. Principles Insulin component Function Who needs it : : : Basal insulin (intermediate or long acting) Covers fasting glucose production Everyone with type 1 diabetes, always…

…Septic phlebitis, ongoing soft tissue infection with systemic involvement. Relative: Condition Adaptation : : ABI 0.5–0.79 Reduced compression (20–30 mmHg) under vascular surgical…

…Diagnostic question Method Comment : : : Pigmented lesion, suspected melanoma Excision with a 1–3 mm margin, down into the subcutis Never a shave — the depth must…

…pacing: the relative contraindications are the same as for a central venous catheter — coagulopathy, infection at the puncture site, known thrombosis in the target vein…

…schizoaffective disorder, HIV infection or other circumstances that may affect cessation or treatment monitoring. Single question screening can identify unhealthy drug use requiring counselling regarding…

Procedurer The insertion itself is rarely the difficult part — it is the confirmation of the position that determines whether the tube is safe. A misplaced…

…is considered only after a life threatening ingestion of a highly toxic substance, where the patient arrives within about 1 hour (a liquid preparation) or…

…the fluid, an insertion site in the left lower quadrant lateral to the rectus sheath, and a cell count plus albumin on the sample. Indications…