…With a glass injury: consider radiography, since glass is usually visible on plain films. Irrigation fluid: a copious volume of drinking quality tap water or…

…Plain abdominal radiography has limited sensitivity. A calcified aneurysmal outline may be visible, but approximately one quarter of aneurysms are not calcified and therefore cannot…

…promptly, before radiography. The longer a joint remains dislocated, the harder the reduction becomes and the greater the risk of chondral and neurovascular injury. Aim…

…stopped for coughing, chest pain, or when the volume limit is reached. Indications Diagnostic aspiration: a new pleural effusion of unclear cause. An effusion not…

…over a joint. Pain relief and stabilisation for transfer in a suspected fracture. Clinical suspicion of a scaphoid fracture despite a normal radiograph. Contraindications An…

…Despite this relatively low prevalence, missed myocardial infarction remains consequential, and historically 2–6% of patients discharged with presumed non ischaemic chest pain were subsequently…

…is pain free lying still but screams when turned has not finished being titrated. Expect an opioid naive adult to need 5–15 mg of…

…unstable pain: the onset takes 12 to 24 hours and the offset just as long. Breakthrough dose During ongoing opioid treatment: a breakthrough dose of…

…Costochondritis and general musculoskeletal pain are common causes of chest pain [2]. Pain Characteristics: Pain reproduced with palpation is often indicative of a noncardiac source…

…infarction Approach to patients with chest pain: differential diagnoses, evaluation and management Chest pain is one of the most common symptoms in the emergency department…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction Use of ECG in acute coronary syndromes & chest pain patients An ECG must be performed on all patients seeking medical…

…node. Thus, withdrawal of parasympathetic activity results in increased heart rate and increased impulse transmission across the AV node. Sympathetic fibers innervate the entire heart…

Procedurer A corticosteroid injection into soft tissue gives rapid but time limited pain relief and rarely alters the natural history of the disease. In lateral…

…to chest pain. It is appropriate when the expected information is likely to change management. In patients with a very low probability of obstructive CAD…

…in any of the following: A systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg caused by the arrhythmia. Ongoing myocardial ischaemia with chest pain and ECG changes…

…A score of 3 or more indicates a difficult intubation — call for help and get out the videolaryngoscope and plan B before you give the…

…ventilating is not experienced in intubation. Planned anaesthesia for short procedures in a fasted patient at low risk of aspiration. A conduit for fibreoptically assisted…

…paracentesis: Newly detected ascites — always. Every admission of a patient with known ascites. Clinical deterioration in a cirrhotic patient with ascites: fever, abdominal pain, encephalopathy…

…Pain relief. Delivery IV, IM, PO, transdermal Dose Injection IV: • 150 μg in 1 ml vial. Dilute with 10 ml of normal saline and…

…entity. The hallmark of stable coronary artery disease is exercise related angina pectoris (chest pain); symptoms of ischemia appear during circumstances with increased myocardial demand…

…entity. The hallmark of stable coronary artery disease is exercise related angina pectoris (chest pain); symptoms of ischemia appear during circumstances with increased myocardial demand…

…chest pain) appear as the last event in the cascade. Thus, ischemic episodes may pass asymptomatically. Importance of heart rate during myocardial perfusion imaging It…

…or recurrent pain [1,3,4]. This quick reference gives internationally established doses. Drug availability, thrombolysis regimens, renal function thresholds and the division of work…

…severe abdominal pain or repeated vomiting after probable allergen exposure sudden hypotension or severe bronchospasm during anaesthesia, a drug infusion or the administration of contrast…

…of myocardial infarction and stroke. Indications Intermittent claudication, rest pain in the foot or leg, or a non healing distal ulcer. Before compression treatment of…

…A patient who cannot lie still — plan for sedation rather than abandoning the procedure. Choice of site The posterior superior iliac spine is the standard…

…arthritis of the neck. Symptomatic carotid stenosis, recent stroke or TIA in the vertebrobasilar territory. Retinal detachment. Relative: Marked cervical restriction of movement or pain…

…treatment review. For a fuller account of two of the commonest acute drug problems, see Warfarin therapy and Opioid therapy in severe pain. Cardiac arrest…

…with a low pre test probability is usually a false positive. Indications Evaluation of chest pain with an intermediate pre test probability of coronary artery…

…burning, pelvic pain, dyspareunia. Cervical cancer screening according to the national programme. Checking an intrauterine device or a pessary. Assessment of prolapse. Sampling for a…

…acid–base status and signs of myocardial ischaemia must be monitored during treatment [4,6]. Important exceptions Condition Overall strategy Common first choices : : : Acute aortic…

…effusion causing pain or restricted movement (therapeutic aspiration). Intra articular corticosteroid injection in verified inflammatory or osteoarthritis related joint disease. Contraindications Infection of the skin…

…three to six months during ongoing compression therapy, and always in the event of new or increasing pain. Preparation and equipment Doppler for the ankle…

…stenosis or exostoses Narrow and hard to reach Ongoing otitis externa Pain, spread of infection A small or uncooperative child Movement causes injury Preparation and…

…clip the hair — small cuts cause burning pain. 2. Position the pads, preferably anteroposteriorly : one anteriorly over the praecordium to the left of the sternum…

…Warfarin has a narrow therapeutic index, a half life of several days and more than a hundred clinically relevant interactions. What determines whether the treatment…

…I C Pain Titrated i.v. opioids. IIa C Anxiety Tranquillizer (e.g benzodiazepine) is considered. IIa C Cardiac arrest Management Recommendation Level of evidence…

…claudication, accompanied by moderate pain or paresthesia, while sensory and motor function remain preserved. The duration and progression of symptoms should be documented carefully. Longer…

…particularly those with stable chest pain, no previous diagnosis of CAD, and a low clinical likelihood of obstructive disease when good image quality is expected…

…Initial Clinical Context Chest pain or discomfort is the most common symptom initiating evaluation for ACS. Features that increase the likelihood of ACS include: Sudden…

…beds. Malignant hypertension represents an extreme form in which acute microvascular injury occurs, classically involving fibrinoid necrosis of small arteries in the kidneys, retina, and…

…The defining electrocardiographic feature is the absence of persistent ST segment elevation. This does not imply low risk: patients with NSTE ACS may have substantial…

…with acute chest pain or chest pain equivalent symptoms. The ECG assessment remains necessary even when symptoms have improved by the time of medical evaluation…

…upright posture. Specific triggers are well recognized and include: Provoked fear, pain, anxiety, intense emotion, the sight of blood, unpleasant sights and odors, and orthostatic…

…on the size of the thrombus and the plaque. The patient will experience severe chest pain due to the abrupt reduction of coronary blood flow…

…myocardial infarction is the most severe complication of coronary artery disease. The most common initiating mechanism is rupture or erosion of a vulnerable (unstable) atherosclerotic…

…The coronary arteries and their relation to the ECG leads. Localization of myocardial infarction / ischemia is done by using ECG changes to determine the affected…

…kinesiophobia (fear of exercising) is common after myocardial infarction and it is associated with poorer survival. Patients with unstable angina pectoris with low risk (according…

…are the strongest predictors of adverse outcomes. Non acute or asymptomatic bradycardia Non acute bradycardia is a common finding in both healthy and diseased individuals…

…to Patients with Chest Pain). As in patients with STEMI, those with NSTEMI and unstable angina are at considerable risk of developing life threatening ventricular…

…during the examination. Work related musculoskeletal disorders are a common cause of pain and sickness absence for ultrasound practitioners (Harrison et al). When performing emergency…

…chest pain in acute pericarditis may be severe and the patient may also experience cold sweats, tachycardia and anxiety; all of which are common in…

…In STEMI, a complete coronary artery occlusion leads to transmural ischemia, affecting a larger portion of the myocardium, thereby intensifying chest pain. In contrast, NSTEMI…

…common in women (70% are women) and elderly individuals. Clinical characteristics and ECG changes in takotsubo cardiomyopathy The typical patient presents with severe chest pain…

…somewhere that makes incision in the emergency department the wrong move — in the hand, in the medial triangle of the face or perianally. Indications Fluctuant…

…subacute worsening of dyspnoea, cough and sputum in particular that exceeds the patient's normal variation and requires a change of treatment. Common precipitants are…

…compressible if bleeding occurs, low risk of pneumothorax Uncomfortable for an awake patient, harder to keep the dressing clean with a tracheostomy or copious secretions…

…Risk of HPA suppression Tapering : : : < 3 weeks, at any dose Low Can be stopped straight away 3 weeks, prednisolone < 5 mg/day Low…

…margin must be included in the freeze. Contraindications Absolute: Suspected melanoma or any other pigmented lesion of uncertain diagnosis. A lesion in which histology is…

…the visual acuity before anything else is done. The second most important is to look for signs of perforation — Seidel's sign, an irregular pupil…