…can keep a patient alive until a transvenous lead is in place — but only if it is working, and the commonest source of error is…

…the septum A live insect As soon as possible — kill it first; the patient is in great distress Organic material (peas, beans) The same day…

…is to keep the person alive until resources and skills to provide ACLS arrive. However, rapid administration of BLS in the event of sudden cardiac…

…risk of stroke and other thromboembolic events. Subclinical cerebral injury may contribute to vascular dementia, and thromboembolism may affect organs other than the brain. Patients…

…as estimating the extent of ischemia. After revascularization procedures, stress testing is utilized to assess whether there is any residual ischemia or angina pectoris. Patients…

Akutsjukvård Lathundar Basic principle Manage the patient, not the list of poisons. Stabilisation according to ABCDE, the plasma glucose, a blood gas and an ECG…

…probability in the stable patient The Wells criteria for pulmonary embolism: Criterion Points : : Clinical signs of deep vein thrombosis 3 Pulmonary embolism is the most…

…anticoagulant is given as soon as possible, but must not delay cardioversion in an unstable patient. Rate control in the stable patient Drug Situation Comment…

…Assess whether the patient has sepsis, septic shock, or a need for high dependency or intensive care 3 Take at least two sets of blood…

…Scars, hernia or visible abdominal wall collaterals (caput medusae) Puncture at least a few centimetres away from them Full bladder Have the patient void, or…

…speech, work of breathing, level of consciousness and air entry repeatedly. 9. Measure PEF or FEV1 if the patient can manage it without delaying treatment…

…urine measurement. Sudden polyuria is a warning sign of impending overcorrection. Grading Hyponatraemia is defined as a plasma sodium below 135 mmol/L. The biochemical…

…Reverse selectively according to the drug, the last dose, the renal function and the severity of the bleeding 7 Manage antiplatelet drugs according to their…

…or as part of balanced transfusion in massive haemorrhage. Transfusion thresholds in the stable, non bleeding patient Patient category Transfusion threshold (Hb) : : Most stable adult…

…injury) — the patient does not feel the pressure sore. Preparation and equipment Material Comment : : Stockinette Innermost against the skin, protects against the edges of the…

…several factors Inattention is central. A simple check is to ask the patient to recite the months of the year backwards. A normal result does…

…shaped before induction , a syringe for the cuff, a cuff manometer. A laryngeal mask of the correct size as a rescue airway, and surgical airway…

…most consistent contemporary role is therefore the assessment of functional capacity, symptoms, haemodynamic responses, arrhythmias and prognosis, with diagnostic interpretation reserved for appropriately selected patients…

…are established as the explanation for the presentation. Clinical presentation and symptoms Patients typically present with symptoms suggestive of ACS and troponin elevation. The clinical…

…of hypercapnia and a normal blood gas Usually 94 to 98 percent An individually documented target prescription, for example in chronic hypercapnia Follow the patient…

…posterior circulation stroke is the most important dangerous differential diagnosis. Clear focal neurological findings are absent in roughly half of patients with a central cause…

…with at least 20 daytime and 7 night time values, and with a measurement interval of no more than 30 minutes throughout the 24 hours…

…patients with an eGFR of 30 40 mL/min for lower urinary tract infection. At an eGFR <30 mL/min the antibacterial effect is lost…

…patient blow out the clot. The pinch is applied to the lower third of the nose, the soft part , and held continuously for at least…

…blood pressure measurement. Resuscitation trolley with defibrillator, oxygen, suction and emergency drugs in the room. Staff with current CPR competence; a physician available. Patient preparation…

…patient through aspiration. Contact your national or regional poison control centre before you decide, not afterwards. Indications Medicinal charcoal is given after the ingestion of…

…counted from the most recent sample analysed for HPV. Invitations are sent up to and including the age of 70, and the last sample is…

…syringe of the correct size, a sharps bin. For vaccination: adrenaline 1 mg/mL, an antihistamine, oxygen, and the ability to lay the patient down…

…quoted as the threshold, but the threshold varies between regions. Infection of the skin over the puncture site. Marked haemodynamic instability — stabilise the patient first…

…A fixation dressing for the nose, a vomit bowl, tissues, and a glass of water with a straw if the patient is awake and can…

…as one: with an indication, a route of administration and a target range for the saturation . What usually goes wrong is not that the patient…

…so as not to reduce a fracture dislocation or to miss a posterior dislocation. The exceptions are an obvious recurrent dislocation in a patient with…

…simply to get through the day of the test can therefore be given dexamethasone. That is the practical key: the patient does not have to…

…intubate as needed and start anaesthetic treatment with EEG After clinical cessation of the seizure Assess the recovery of consciousness. Urgent EEG if the patient…

…measurement and the active prevention of fever — defined as a temperature above about 37.7–37.8 °C — for at least 72 hours in patients…

…can reach the patient the same day the result arrives. 3. Reduce to 5 mg (two tablets) on days 1 and 2 in patients over…

…occur in patients with preserved LVEF, for whom no practical risk prediction tool currently exists. At the other end, roughly two thirds of ICDs implanted…

…CCB therapy. Nicorandil and trimetazidine are additional options in selected patients. Treatment choices should be integrated with management of precipitating factors such as anaemia, uncontrolled…

…least two contiguous leads [8, 10]. The specific voltage thresholds vary based on patient age, sex, and lead location, as detailed below [8, 10]: Patient…

…and patient preferences. The source material describes hypertension using differing thresholds across international guidance. One framework defines confirmed hypertension as blood pressure consistently above 130…

…profile, as the upper limit of the "healthy" range can still harbor significant metabolic risk. 3 For patients with a BMI below 35 kg/m²…

…chest pain. It is appropriate when the expected information is likely to change management. In patients with a very low probability of obstructive CAD, testing…

…precapillary PH, partly because this value has been used in therapeutic studies of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The threshold is not absolute: patient phenotype, risk…

…blood pressure. The source material does not provide an exhaustive list of such agents. Resistant hypertension Resistant hypertension is not regarded as a discrete disease;…

…not every patient with an initial STEMI pattern has myocardial infarction as the final diagnosis. The underlying process usually involves acute thrombotic obstruction of an…

…relief of ischaemic symptoms, at least 50% resolution of ST segment elevation, and haemodynamic stability. Selection of the reperfusion strategy Primary PCI as the preferred…

…lead ECG within 10 minutes. 3. Attach defibrillator pads if the patient is unstable or at marked risk of arrhythmia. 4. Take a full blood…

…criterion gives the higher stage. A patient can thus be stage 3 by urine output despite a less marked rise in creatinine. Limitations of creatinine…

…in patients with previous complicated withdrawal [4]. Untreated delirium tremens has historically carried a high mortality. With modern sedation, supportive treatment and treatment of the…

…Preparation: The patient must have rested lying down for at least 10 minutes in a room at a comfortable temperature — a cold foot gives falsely…

…stable patient A venous blood gas is often sufficient as the first sample Precise pCO₂ in suspected ventilatory failure Arterial blood gas Assessment of pO₂…

…marrow — choose the other side). A patient who cannot lie still — plan for sedation rather than abandoning the procedure. Choice of site The posterior superior…

…Measurement of central venous pressure and central venous oxygen saturation. Repeated blood sampling during intensive care. Exhausted peripheral venous access during prolonged intravenous therapy. The…

…or gastroenteritis at home Double or triple the oral daily dose during the days of illness (the patient's sick day rules) Vomiting or diarrhoea…

…retention for the latter. The treatment is also time limited by its very nature: a patient who has not responded within a couple of hours…

…and that the donor's organs are maintained physiologically for as long as the assessment takes. The task of the health service is to give…

…coma may occur Mixed picture of DKA and HHS Overlap is common. Treat as mixed DKA and HHS if the patient has marked hyperosmolality together…

…mg of edrophonium intravenously as a test dose . Observe pulse, blood pressure and muscle strength for a few minutes. 5. If the patient tolerates the…

…for patients with a CHA₂DS₂ VA score of 0–1. Check what applies in your own region. Duration above the threshold or unknown: at least…

…your working hand against the patient's zygoma or the bridge of the nose. 4. Approach tangentially from the periphery , never through the visual axis…