…transmitted infection — although chlamydia and gonorrhoea can be tested on urine or a self taken vaginal sample without a speculum. Routine gynaecological examination of asymptomatic…

…Have the patient empty the bladder first. Procedure Choice of insertion site The left lower quadrant is the first choice : the abdominal wall is thinner…

…in particular that exceeds the patient's normal variation and requires a change of treatment. Common precipitants are viral infection, bacterial infection and air pollution…

Cardiology Continous medical discussion: the ECG blog Infectious diseases Cardiovascular effects of COVID 19 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) has caused a global public health…

…foreign materials pose a high risk of infection. Approximately 20% of all endocarditis affect people with valve prostheses and among other cases 18% show significant…

…The commonest cause of wound infection is retained contamination, not poor suture technique — and the commonest cause of permanent loss of function is a tendon…

…never happens, and to make sure the catheter does not become the patient's next focus of infection. Indications Infusion of vesicant solutions: vasopressors, concentrated…

…bougie taken out and shaped before induction , a syringe for the cuff, a cuff manometer. A laryngeal mask of the correct size as a rescue…

…local practice Relative Skin infection, herpes zoster or burns over the puncture site Relative Mechanical ventilation with a high PEEP (an increased risk of pneumothorax…

…a neutropenic patient is an emergency. Infection can progress rapidly, while the typical local signs of inflammation may be faint or absent. Take cultures immediately…

Referensvärden Reference ranges are statistical: by definition they encompass 95 % of a healthy reference population, which means that one healthy value in twenty falls outside…

…Infection or burns over the puncture site. Osteogenesis imperfecta and severe osteoporosis (relative). An inability to identify the landmarks. Choice of vein and cannula size…

…Relative — avoid forced manoeuvres An ongoing respiratory infection with a risk of transmission Until symptom free Haemoptysis of unclear cause Until investigated Relative obstacles also…

…primary infection, low risk of recurrence vancomycin 125 mg × 4 PO 10 days Clostridioides difficile, high risk of recurrence fidaxomicin 200 mg × 2 PO 10…

…of seizures, delirium tremens, infection, trauma and metabolic disturbance. 4. Monitoring at the appropriate level of care , with readiness for respiratory support. 5. Treatment of…

…chloride available. Infection in the area to be biopsied. Hypersensitivity to local anaesthetics. Areas at high risk of unsightly or hypertrophic scars: the sternum, the…

Procedurer A corticosteroid injection into soft tissue gives rapid but time limited pain relief and rarely alters the natural history of the disease. In lateral…

…recurrent infarction and limb threatening complications. Among patients with established peripheral artery disease, those who stop smoking have approximately twice the five year survival of…

…surgeon under strictly sterile conditions. For corticosteroid injection there is an additional absolute contraindication: the slightest suspicion of septic arthritis. If the picture is unclear…

…spread of infection A small or uncooperative child Movement causes injury Preparation and equipment Otoscopy: an otoscope with a charged battery and clean disposable specula…

…What usually ruins the examination is not the technique but the handling of the specimen — an aspirate that clots before the smears are made is…

Cardiology Respiratory medicine Definition and Pathophysiology Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a heterogeneous pathophysiological disorder characterized primarily by elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure. It may arise…

…the threshold, but the threshold varies between regions. Infection of the skin over the puncture site. Marked haemodynamic instability — stabilise the patient first. CT before…

…4. Culture only in the presence of clinical signs of infection — all chronic wounds are colonised, and a culture taken without clinical suspicion leads only…

…done without losing time. 7. Perform urgent CT of the brain and CT angiography from the aortic arch to the vertex. 8. Contact the thrombectomy…

…aortic balloon pump. Assessment of stroke volume variation as part of fluid management. Contraindications Infection, burn or trauma over the insertion site. Insufficient collateral circulation…

…proton pump inhibitor with concomitant NSAID use or a history of ulcer, not routinely Infection Consider Pneumocystis prophylaxis with high doses over a long period…

…total brain infarction is not expected to occur within a reasonable time, and in whom death is judged likely within 180 minutes of treatment being…

…the visual acuity before anything else is done. The second most important is to look for signs of perforation — Seidel's sign, an irregular pupil…

…poorer absorption. Injection into an arm with a dialysis fistula. Preparation and equipment Hand disinfection; gloves where there is a risk of blood contact. An…

…caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Clinically this usually corresponds to an acute increase in the SOFA score of at least 2 points…

…without current symptoms, alternating bundle branch block in acute anterior infarction, and before drugs or procedures with a known risk of bradycardia. Transvenous pacing is…

…causally responsible. This distinction is important because AKI after a contrast study frequently occurs in patients with several simultaneous renal insults. Infection, hypovolaemia, cardiac dysfunction…

…ancestry Previous muscle disease or a personal or family history of muscle disorders Acute infection Renal or hepatic impairment Hypothyroidism Vitamin D deficiency Concomitant interacting…

…also shows the depth of the cavity and its distance to vessels. Contraindications and when to involve a surgeon The following locations must not be…

…been changed, who is following it up and when. Sources American Diabetes Association, Standards of Care in Diabetes: diabetes care in the hospital. Endocrine Society…

…The Wells criteria for pulmonary embolism: Criterion Points : : Clinical signs of deep vein thrombosis 3 Pulmonary embolism is the most likely diagnosis 3 Heart rate…

…eGFR of 30 40 mL/min for lower urinary tract infection. At an eGFR <30 mL/min the antibacterial effect is lost. Dosed independently of…

…ECG must always be interpreted using a systematic approach in order to minimize the probability of missing significant abnormalities. The following parameters must be assessed…

…multiorgan failure, infections, seizures and temperature management. The ICU is the preferred level of care for the absolute majority. The CCU may be suitable for…

…condition and should be managed urgently. The risk of cardiogenic shock is high and pharmacological interventions are often futile. A transcutaneous pacemaker is often necessary…

…sample : cortisol and plasma ACTH. The ACTH sample is taken before the injection and handled chilled. 4. Inject 0.25 mg of tetracosactide intravenously , slowly…

…or a damaged nail fold edge Nail avulsion and inspection of the nail bed, with suture of any nail bed laceration Contraindications There are no…

…Time to onset of action 1 to 2 minutes Duration of action 10 to 30 minutes Delivery IV Dose Bolus injection : 5 to 15 mg…

…Alternative route : Central venous administration of adenosine is suitable in the intensive care unit or coronary care unit. Adenosine injection must be administered quickly (1…

…amounts of pericardial effusion may not cause any ECG changes. Significant pericardial effusion may bring about the following ECG changes.: Low voltage: large amounts of…

…level of consciousness, the pupils, tone, clonus and seizures. Give glucose in hypoglycaemia and a benzodiazepine for toxicological seizures E Temperature, skin, smell, injection marks…

…attributed to the pericardium: The pericardium serves as a barrier to infections. The pericardium reduces friction between the ventricles and surrounding structures of the mediastinum…

…myocardial infarction. Due to their clinical presentation, these patients are immediately referred to angiography but no coronary artery occlusion can be identified. Injection of contrast…

…ischemia and infarction Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pathophysiology Atherosclerosis and acute coronary syndromes have important inflammatory components. Inflammation contributes to atherothrombosis through activation of innate…

…of the medulla result in the blood pressure lowering effect. Effects Potent blood pressure lowering effect. Pain relief. Delivery IV, IM, PO, transdermal Dose Injection…

…high clinical likelihood of obstructive CAD, defined in the source material as greater than 85%, particularly when one or more of the following are present…

…varies widely and may involve intrinsic cardiac disease, extrinsic systemic conditions, or pharmacologic effects. Inflammatory heart disease, caused by infections (viral, bacterial, protozoal, fungal, parasitic)…

…myocardial infarction. The chest pain in acute pericarditis may be severe and the patient may also experience cold sweats, tachycardia and anxiety; all of which…

…infections, anemia, myocardial ischemia/infarction, pulmonary embolism, pheochromocytoma, hyperthyroidism, hypovolemia, pharmacological substances (alcohol, amphetamine, coffee, anticholinergic drugs, beta adrenergic agonists). In all of these conditions…

…slowly. Rapid injection increases the risk of nicotinic effects with paradoxically increasing weakness. 6. Assess the chosen finding continuously during the window of effect, 40…

…undiluted syringe of 10 mg/mL makes small adjustments impossible. Procedure Intravenous titration in acute severe pain Practical points during titration: Give the injection slowly…

…before the drug is eliminated. A flush should immediately follow the bolus injection to ensure rapid delivery to the central circulation. If the drug is…

…is the leading cause of aortic stenosis. Rheumatic heart disease is a complication of rheumatic fever, which is caused by streptococcal infections (group A Streptococcus…

…required because blood causes strong backscatter of the light signal. Imaging is therefore typically performed during contrast injection or another method of temporary blood displacement…