…specifically at reperfusion injury have not generally demonstrated sufficient clinical benefit for routine use. No reflow may also occur in association with other procedural complications…

…Glycaemic control is important for prevention of microvascular complications, but intensive glucose lowering alone has shown little or no consistent effect on cardiovascular complications in…

Procedurer Opioids have no standard dose. The effect varies tenfold between individuals, and the only way to find the right level is to give a…

…sinoatrial pause (sinus pause/arrest): ECG characteristics & clinical implications A sinoatrial arrest occurs when the sinoatrial node does not discharge an impulse for ≥2 seconds…

…typically 10–30% thickening from end diastole to end systole) 2 Akinesia Markedly reduced, or no thickening (<10%) 3 Dyskinesia Paradoxical thinning and/or outward…

…in asymptomatic athletes with no significant family history? A: Mobitz Type II 2nd AV block B: Prolonged QT interval (QTc ≥ 480 ms for females) C…

…cold alone. The temperature at the outer edge of the tissue is decisive: benign tissue requires about −25 °C for reliable cell death, malignant tissue…

…it further. Starting doses in acute pain in an opioid naive adult Agent Route Starting dose Comment : : : : Morphine IV 2.5–5 mg, repeated after…

…controlled diabetes — expect a raised blood glucose for 2–5 days. Suspected or known tendon rupture. No response to previous injections at the same site…

…is initiated. High No treatment High 2 Oral anticoagulation (warfarin or NOAC) is recommended for all male patients with scores of 2 or more. Very…

…calcium channel blocker. Clevidipine is highly selective for vascular smooth muscle cells and has little or no effect on myocardial contractility or conduction. Clevidipine reduces…

Hydralazine Hydralazine is not preferred for hypertensive emergencies due to the high risk of reflex sympathetic stimulation. Drug Hydralazine Brand names Apresoline ®, Bidil ®…

…4 mmol/L (55 mg/dL): No change. • If LDL C ≥ 1.4 mmol/L (55 mg/dL): Add PCSK9 inhibitor (Class I recommendation). 2…

…pressure control. Mechanism of action Nitroglycerin provides nitric oxide (NO) that induces vasodilatation (of both arterioles and veins) via generation of cyclic GMP, which then…

…pressure control. Mechanism of action Nitroprusside provides nitric oxide (NO) that induces vasodilatation of both arterioles and veins via generation of cyclic GMP, which then…

…evolved significantly; it is no longer viewed merely as an electrical anomaly but as a progressive, complex atrial myopathy. For the practicing cardiologist, mastering the…

…even with prolonged periods of no blood flow, due to the reduced metabolic rate that accompanies declining body temperature. For every 1°C reduction in body…

…rhythms may (1) not occur, (2) occur transiently, or (3) occur but generate insufficient cardiac output. If no escape rhythm occurs, cardiac arrest will ensue…

…12 hours and there is no contraindication After successful fibrinolysis Transfer directly to a PCI centre, angiography usually within 2 to 24 hours After failed…

…viral infection, bacterial infection and air pollution, but often no definite trigger can be identified [1,2]. Ask specifically about: Onset and time course. Increased…

…for hydrophilic drugs distributed in total body water. Body surface area (Mosteller): √(height in cm × weight in kg / 3600) m². Normal adult 1.6–2…

…Grade 2 hypertension 160–179 and/or 100–109 Grade 3 hypertension ≥ 180 and/or ≥ 110 Isolated systolic hypertension ≥ 140 and < 90 Thresholds for…

…tubes: EDTA and heparin tubes according to local instructions, plus a formalin container for the biopsy. No. 11 scalpel for the skin incision, sterile dressings…

…resolved. Capillary measurement of beta hydroxybutyrate has high diagnostic accuracy [2]. A venous blood gas is generally sufficient for the assessment of pH and bicarbonate…

…ankylosing spondylitis MACOCHA is validated for the intensive care patient and totals 12 points: Mallampati III–IV (5 points), obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (2 points)…

…4. Shift potassium into the cells with insulin and glucose. Add high dose salbutamol in marked hyperkalaemia if there is no contraindication. 5. At the…

…following is aimed for: 1. Lower the mean arterial pressure by no more than about 20 to 25 per cent during the first hour. 2…

…and a low glucose. Do not wait for the venous laboratory result. 1. Assess and stabilise the airway, breathing and circulation. 2. Measure the capillary…

…induction by alcohol or drugs and is often of no clinical significance. Synthetic function and prognosis Child–Pugh Parameter 1 point 2 points 3 points : : …

…Enteral nutrition and drug administration when the patient cannot swallow safely, for example after a stroke. Sampling of gastric contents and evacuation in poisoning (see…

…the patient gets too little oxygen but that the prescription has no target — the nasal cannula stays in place for days without anyone asking why…

…in parallel with coronary angiography, the search for the cause and the rest of the intensive care. 2. Insert the core temperature probe and connect…

…Poisoning with other weak acids where the poison control centre recommends it, for example certain phenoxy acid herbicides (2,4 D, MCPA) and methotrexate overdose…

…calcium channel blocker. Clevidipine is highly selective for vascular smooth muscle cells and has little or no effect on myocardial contractility or conduction. Clevidipine reduces…

…reduction in non fatal ischaemic stroke in trials specifically evaluating this outcome. No demonstrated reduction in cardiovascular or all cause mortality. Absolute benefit is modest…

…1.7 mmol/L) in ESC primary prevention guidance 175–499 mg/dL (2.0–5.6 mmol/L) Severe HTG ≥500 mg/dL ( 5…

…no longer amenable to additional mechanical revascularization. Despite treatment with antianginal drugs and PCI or CABG, daily or weekly angina remains present in approximately 2…

…calcium channel blocker. Clevidipine is highly selective for vascular smooth muscle cells and has little or no effect on myocardial contractility or conduction. Clevidipine reduces…

…filling (rapid passive filling) Passive emptying of the left atrium Diastasis No ventricular filling Atrial contraction Active emptying (contraction) of the left atrium Figure 2…

…for V3R and V4R are identical to V3 and V4, but on the right side of the chest wall. Refer to Figure 2. Figure 2…

…Table 1. CPC 1 No neurological disability. Good cerebral function without any significant issues managing daily living, work, etc. CPC 2 Moderate neurological disability. Sufficient…

…time integral. Corresponding formula for measurements in the aortic valve: SV aorta = area LVOT • VTI LVOT The area is measured in cm 2 . VTI…

…Japanese word for a kind of octopus trap (the left ventricle takes the shape of that octopus trap). Refer to Figure 1 and Figure 2…

…Hypertension in pregnancy. Contraindications There are no absolute contraindications. Refrain or adapt in atrial fibrillation with a rapid and irregular ventricular rate (oscillometric measurement becomes…

…suspected. Do not wait for a complete diagnosis or for grading. Antihistamines, corticosteroids, inhaled bronchodilators and nebulised adrenaline never replace intramuscular adrenaline [1,2]. Delayed…

…have rested lying down for at least 10 minutes in a room at a comfortable temperature — a cold foot gives falsely low pressures. No smoking…

…short course (no more than 7 days) may be given to selected patients with an eGFR of 30 40 mL/min for lower urinary tract…

…No anticoagulant 1 Consider an oral anticoagulant, particularly at age ≥ 65 years ≥ 2 An oral anticoagulant is recommended A DOAC is preferred to warfarin except…

…transmission risk assessment. In DCD: patients in whom death must be confirmed after a 20 minute no touch period, for example after poisoning, since this…

…residual unsteadiness. No hearing loss, tinnitus or neurological deficits. In horizontal positional vertigo (lateral semicircular canal) the supine roll test is used for diagnosis, and…

…4) × 2 kg , but use a length based tool if one is available. This page is a rapid guide, not a treatment review. For a…

…three weeks of adequate anticoagulation before cardioversion — an INR ≥ 2.0 checked weekly on warfarin, or documented well managed DOAC therapy with no missed doses…

…measure in decontamination, and gastric lavage is today a rare procedure reserved for very serious poisonings in which the patient reaches hospital early. The benefit…

…about 2 cm. Extensive pharyngeal pathology: tumour, abscess, marked swelling, previous radiotherapy. In the "can't intubate, can't oxygenate" situation there are no contraindications…

…general practice concern the nails, and all three rest on the same foundation: an effective digital block and a tourniquet . Without a bloodless field one…

…least 2–3 cm of free fluid depth with no bowel in the path of the needle and measure the skin to peritoneum distance. 2…

…it. A small (under 10 mm), loculated or purely posterior effusion with no safe route for puncture — surgical drainage or pericardiotomy instead. Relative: uncorrected coagulopathy…

…Absolute No safe pocket of fluid to puncture (no ultrasound verified fluid) Relative Uncorrected coagulopathy or thrombocytopenia Relative Ongoing anticoagulant treatment — plan the aspiration for…

…treatment. Intravenous lorazepam and diazepam are effective, and intramuscular midazolam is particularly useful where there is no intravenous access [2,3]. Respiratory complications occur, but…

…myocardial ischaemia or syncope — that has not responded to atropine: Complete heart block (third degree AV block) and second degree AV block Mobitz type 2…