…anaesthesia. Placenta praevia or ruptured membranes in pregnancy — a speculum may be used, but not digital examination until the position of the placenta is known…

…hepatic function, a non pregnant adult of normal weight, and individual assessment. See the separate quick reference for dosing in impaired renal function. Respiratory tract…

…events during infections: An acute coronary event may be triggered by increased myocardial demand during the infection. Systemic inflammation results in increased levels of circulating…

…P wave PR interval QRS complex ST segment T wave U wave QT (QTc) interval Pediatric and neonatal electrocardiograms differ markedly – in terms of rhythm…

…multiorgan failure, infections, seizures and temperature management. The ICU is the preferred level of care for the absolute majority. The CCU may be suitable for…

…the term perimyocarditis . Hemodynamic effects of pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade Intrapericardial pressure increases as fluid accumulates in the pericardial space. Intrapericardial pressure may reach…

…of infection. Approximately 20% of all endocarditis affect people with valve prostheses and among other cases 18% show significant valvular disease. Table 1. Etiologies in…

…barrier to infections. The pericardium reduces friction between the ventricles and surrounding structures of the mediastinum. Friction is reduced because the fluid in the pericardial…

…attention to the balance between reduction in ischaemic events and possible infectious or other non cardiovascular adverse outcomes. Mechanisms of action Colchicine Colchicine appears to…

…and hyperkalemia. When bradycardia occurs in the context of inflammatory heart disease, it often reflects myocardial pathology that may also reduce myocardial contractility and cause…

…Causes of acute pericarditis/myocarditis The most frequent cause of pericarditis is infections, in particular viral infections. This explains why pericarditis may affect individuals of…

…infections, anemia, myocardial ischemia/infarction, pulmonary embolism, pheochromocytoma, hyperthyroidism, hypovolemia, pharmacological substances (alcohol, amphetamine, coffee, anticholinergic drugs, beta adrenergic agonists). In all of these conditions…

…another CNS infection. Suspected inflammatory disease: multiple sclerosis, Guillain–Barré syndrome, autoimmune encephalitis. Meningeal carcinomatosis and CNS involvement in haematological malignancy. Investigation of dementia with…

…low gradient. Pathophysiology of aortic stenosis As aortic stenosis progresses, pressure conditions on the left side change dramatically, including in the left ventricle, left atrium…

…and sputum in particular that exceeds the patient's normal variation and requires a change of treatment. Common precipitants are viral infection, bacterial infection and…

Procedurer The result of a repair is determined before the first needle goes in. A wound that has not been irrigated clean, has not been…

…never happens, and to make sure the catheter does not become the patient's next focus of infection. Indications Infusion of vesicant solutions: vasopressors, concentrated…

…and respiratory acidosis, or a markedly increased work of breathing with impending exhaustion. Threatened airway obstruction: inhalation injury, anaphylaxis, deep neck infection, an expanding haematoma…

Procedurer Almost all the complications of pleural aspiration arise from two errors: the needle is placed in the wrong site, and too much is drained…

…rigors, abdominal pain or a rapid deterioration in general condition may be the only signs of infection. Corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive treatments can blunt the…

…An acute phase protein — a normal ferritin does not exclude iron deficiency in the presence of inflammation Transferrin saturation 15–50 % < 15 % indicates iron…

…A fracture of the bone to be punctured, or a major injury proximal to the puncture site. A joint prosthesis or orthopaedic metalwork in the…

…expiratory time has reached 15 seconds. In 2019 ATS/ERS removed the previous minimum requirement of 6 seconds in adults and 3 seconds in children…

…reduction or cessation of prolonged and heavy alcohol intake. The condition can develop despite a measurable or high blood alcohol concentration, particularly in patients with…

…desired in conditions requiring afterload reduction. Time to onset of action 10 30 minutes. Duration of action <4 hours. Delivery IV or IM. Dose Injections…

…chloride available. Infection in the area to be biopsied. Hypersensitivity to local anaesthetics. Areas at high risk of unsightly or hypertrophic scars: the sternum, the…

…A corticosteroid injection into soft tissue gives rapid but time limited pain relief and rarely alters the natural history of the disease. In lateral epicondylitis…

…Hypertensive emergency, including in pregnancy. Postoperative hypertension. Mechanism of action Combined beta adrenergic and alpha adrenergic blocker with rapid onset of action. Labetalol has less…

…PCSK9. The prolonged intracellular effect of inclisiran permits subcutaneous administration only twice yearly, an important practical distinction from therapies requiring monthly or biweekly injections. Inclisiran…

…Exposure to second hand smoke. Use of cannabis, electronic cigarettes or other inhaled products. Readiness to attempt cessation. Depression, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, HIV infection or…

…part of the diagnostic work up. Haemarthrosis after trauma. A symptomatic effusion causing pain or restricted movement (therapeutic aspiration). Intra articular corticosteroid injection in verified…

…of infection A small or uncooperative child Movement causes injury Preparation and equipment Otoscopy: an otoscope with a charged battery and clean disposable specula in…

…tenths of a millilitre, at most about 0.5 mL. A larger volume draws in peripheral blood and dilutes the specimen. Marrow clots within seconds…

…mmHg ≤15 mmHg ≤2 Wood units The source material also presents a CpcPH threshold of PVR ≥3 Wood units in an overlapping clinical classification table…

…4. Culture only in the presence of clinical signs of infection — all chronic wounds are colonised, and a culture taken without clinical suspicion leads only…

…treatment unnecessarily. 10. In unknown time of onset, wake up stroke or a late time window: perform advanced imaging according to the local protocol. 11…

…as part of fluid management. Contraindications Infection, burn or trauma over the insertion site. Insufficient collateral circulation to the hand. Vascular disease in the limb…

…proton pump inhibitor with concomitant NSAID use or a history of ulcer, not routinely Infection Consider Pneumocystis prophylaxis with high doses over a long period…

…wishes are properly established. Two things determine the outcome — that the confirmation of death is carried out in a formally unimpeachable way, and that the…

…most important step in any eye injury is to measure and document the visual acuity before anything else is done. The second most important is…

…acromion . The injection site lies 2–3 fingerbreadths (about 5 cm) below the lower border of the acromion , in the middle of the muscle belly…

…caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Clinically this usually corresponds to an acute increase in the SOFA score of at least 2 points…

…for a central venous catheter — coagulopathy, infection at the puncture site, known thrombosis in the target vein. With a mechanical tricuspid prosthesis the lead must…

…Infection, hypovolaemia, cardiac dysfunction, haemodynamic instability, anaemia and other nephrotoxic exposures may contribute to tubular injury, making attribution to contrast alone difficult. In patients with…

…ancestry Previous muscle disease or a personal or family history of muscle disorders Acute infection Renal or hepatic impairment Hypothyroidism Vitamin D deficiency Concomitant interacting…

…depth of the cavity and its distance to vessels. Contraindications and when to involve a surgeon The following locations must not be handled routinely in…

…illness and infection The insulin requirement rises, often despite a reduced food intake Insulin pump The patient manages the pump themselves where possible. In impaired…

…dimer is raised in pregnancy, malignancy, infection, surgery, trauma and old age. A positive value is not a diagnosis. Risk grading in confirmed pulmonary embolism…

…At a creatinine clearance <20 mL/min, consider an alternative treatment In aminoglycoside treatment of obese patients, an adjusted body weight is used: adjusted weight…

…second to second (e.g. degree of ischemia, parasympathetic and sympathetic tone) while others take months or years to develop (e.g. myocardial remodeling in…

…elevated levels of myocardial proteins. These proteins are cardiac troponins (henceforth referred to only as troponins). When elevated troponin levels are confirmed in patients with…

…Myocardial ischemia and infarction Pathological Q waves are evidence of myocardial infarction Myocardial infarction – particularly if extensive in size – typically manifests with pathological Q waves…

…the poorest prerequisites in the case of myocardial ischemia. All myocardial infarctions affect the subendocardium (hence the term subendocardial infarction ). Myocardial infarctions affecting only the…

…50% renal elimination. • Typically the first choice of drug. • Effective in sinus bradycardia or AV node block. • Dose <0.5 mg may worsen bradycardia and…

…The artificial pacemaker is one of the great medical inventions of the 20th century. Cardiac pacing has evolved from a hazardous experiment in the 1930s…

…injection itself that determines whether the result can be interpreted. What decides that is whether the patient is taking a steroid that cross reacts in…

Procedurer Three of the commonest minor procedures in general practice concern the nails, and all three rest on the same foundation: an effective digital block…

…Bolus injection : 5 to 15 mg every 5 to 15 minutes as necessary. Continuous infusion: Start infusion at 0.1 mg/min and increase in…

…stenoses. Coronary anomalies Coronary artery anomalies are uncommon among the general population but account for a substantial proportion of sudden cardiac death in young athletes…

…Central venous administration of adenosine is suitable in the intensive care unit or coronary care unit. Adenosine injection must be administered quickly (1 2 seconds)…