…HDL cholesterol and increased small, dense LDL particles. Increased apoB containing particles and remnants may provide a more accurate assessment of atherogenic burden than LDL…

…kidney related values The fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) = (urine Na × plasma creatinine) / (plasma Na × urine creatinine) × 100. Below 1 % suggests a prerenal cause…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and pathophysiology Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death among women worldwide and in the United States. In the…

…spread of infection A small or uncooperative child Movement causes injury Preparation and equipment Otoscopy: an otoscope with a charged battery and clean disposable specula…

…are elevated. The syndrome is therefore defined by symptoms and signs of congestion or impaired cardiac performance rather than by ejection fraction alone. Heart failure…

…kidney disease, autoimmune disease or previous thrombotic microangiopathy. Antidepressants can affect the blood pressure in several ways. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors can cause a hypertensive crisis…

…beds. Malignant hypertension represents an extreme form in which acute microvascular injury occurs, classically involving fibrinoid necrosis of small arteries in the kidneys, retina, and…

…during the examination. Work related musculoskeletal disorders are a common cause of pain and sickness absence for ultrasound practitioners (Harrison et al). When performing emergency…

…a small dose of a statin, defined as atorvastatin less than 10 mg daily or an equivalent dose of another statin. Approximately 45% of participants…

…liver directed small interfering RNA (siRNA) designed to reduce production of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9). It acts through degradation of the messenger…

…source.gif). ECG changes caused by pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade Small amounts of pericardial effusion may not cause any ECG changes. Significant pericardial effusion…

…pulmonic) regurgitation Pulmonary regurgitation is also called pulmonic regurgitation . The majority of all adults exhibit a small pulmonary regurgitation, which is considered a normal finding…

…enough — as a rule of thumb, along the whole length of the abscess or at least half its diameter. Too small an incision is the…

…recorded at a paper speed of 50 mm/s with 1 mV = 10 mm. At 50 mm/s a small square (1 mm) corresponds…

…morphine Morphine has an active renally excreted metabolite that causes late sedation and respiratory depression Marked liver failure A reduced dose of all of them…

…Warfarin has a narrow therapeutic index, a half life of several days and more than a hundred clinically relevant interactions. What determines whether the treatment…

…weak, slow deceleration variable dense, steep deceleration, early termination of diastolic flow Jet width colour Doppler small,, < 10 mm length, narrow origin variable large…

…valve disease is a common cause ( Figure 25, P mitrale ). If the atria are depolarized by impulses generated by cells outside of the sinoatrial node …

…the formation of atherosclerotic plaques [1] . While stable plaques are characterized by a thick fibrous cap and a small lipid core, the pathophysiology of Acute…

…A diagnosis of delirium is therefore the beginning of the investigation, not the end. In a frail older patient an apparently small insult — sleep deprivation…

…prominent incisors, a small chin, tumour, an irradiated neck E valuate 3 3 2 3 fingerbreadths of mouth opening, 3 fingerbreadths from chin to hyoid…

…The urgency varies: Object Urgency : : Button battery Immediately — leakage of fluid causes a chemical burn Two or more magnets (including in different nostrils) Immediately — pressure…

…Use a balanced crystalloid in the first instance. Give small boluses, for example 250 to 500 mL, with immediate reassessment of the blood pressure, pulse…

…the full thickness of the dermis, particularly over joints and in cosmetically sensitive areas. Superficial wounds with well apposed edges, abrasions and small wounds under…

…carry greater risk of progression or rupture than asymptomatic lesions. Predisposing conditions Aortic dissection and its variants are associated with conditions that cause medial degeneration…

…produce tamponade depends principally on the rate of accumulation and the compliance of the pericardium. Rapid accumulation may cause tamponade with a relatively small volume…

…Continous medical discussion: the ECG blog Infectious diseases Cardiovascular effects of COVID 19 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) has caused a global public health crisis…

…with: Small reference vessel diameter A small post procedural lumen Substantial residual stenosis Long lesions Diabetes mellitus Untreated edge dissection Components and mechanisms of DES…

…same extent by statins. Inclisiran Inclisiran is a liver targeted small interfering RNA. It promotes degradation of the messenger RNA encoding PCSK9, thereby suppressing hepatic…

…atrial appendage, although competing mechanisms such as large artery atherosclerosis and small vessel disease may also contribute to stroke in patients with AF. Stroke risk…

…S), and small waves are referred to by their lower case letters (q, r, s). Figure 5 shows examples of naming of the QRS complex…

…open which causes a rapid influx of sodium and depolarizes the cell. Contractile cells start to contract a few milliseconds after the start of the…

…The increased pressure causes compression of the atria and the ventricles (particularly the former). Even small pressure elevations on the right side can compromise venous…

…local atherothrombosis or occlusion due to embolization. Approximately 30% of all ischemic strokes are caused by cardiac embolism. This figure does not include paradoxical embolism…

…Although myocardial ischemia may affect every aspect of the ECG – from heart rhythm to QTc interval – the most prominent and reliable ECG changes occur in…

…their size, encompassing: Small defects : <10% of the left ventricular myocardium. Medium defects : 10–20% of the myocardium. Large defects : 20% of the myocardium. Perfusion…

…however, symptoms and ECG changes are manifest at rest because of the severe reduction of coronary flow caused by acute atherothrombosis. Table 1: Myocardial and…

…Similar to vascular endothelium, the endocardium contains an underlying basement membrane and a small layer of loose connective tissue. The endocardium joins the endothelium that…

…the sinoatrial node are much too small to be detected on the surface ECG. Intracardiac electrodes – with the placement of electrodes against the sinoatrial node…

…due to pressure/volume overload is the most common cause. Ebstein's anomaly The prevalence of Ebstein's anomaly is approximately 1 case per 200…

…but only a small increase in left ventricular pressure. This is explained by the fact that the left ventricle is capable of relaxing and expanding…

…of the artery with two fingertips and note the direction. Disinfect and allow to air dry. 2. Anaesthetise the skin with a small amount of…

…smears immediately at the bedside from the first aspirate, which should be small — a few tenths of a millilitre, at most about 0.5 mL…

…small change in T4 produces a large change in TSH. During acute illness the TSH can be falsely low or high in the absence of…

…a cryoprobe for contact technique. Cotton buds for small lesions (these give a more superficial and less controllable depth of freeze). A size 15 scalpel…

…to a hanging head. Frenzel goggles or video Frenzel if available — small beats of nystagmus can otherwise be hard to see, particularly when the patient…

…indexed Aortic annulus 20 31 mm 12 14 mm/m2 Sinuses of Valsalva 29 45 mm 15 20 mm/m2 Sinotubular junction 22 36 mm…

…bimanual palpation difficult and causes prolapse to be underestimated. Offer a chaperone according to local procedure; this is recommended for all examinations of the breasts…

…injection. A needle of 0.8–1.2 × 50 mm for large joints (knee, shoulder), 0.5–0.6 × 25 mm for small joints (wrist…

…the larger , since a mask that is too small leaks and gives a poorer seal. Procedure Insertion of the laryngeal mask 1. Check the mask…

…a bloodless field one works by feel, and by feel nail spicules are left behind — which is the commonest cause of recurrence. Indications Condition Procedure : …

…of the haemodynamics, not the volume of fluid. A litre that has accumulated slowly can be asymptomatic, while 150 mL collected over an hour causes…

…a large bore cannula in a suitable vein). Standby access in a patient at risk of rapid deterioration. Intraosseous access: Cardiac arrest where venous access…

…or when the volume limit is reached. Indications Diagnostic aspiration: a new pleural effusion of unclear cause. An effusion not confidently explained by heart failure…

…small biopsies, but have diathermy or aluminium chloride available. Infection in the area to be biopsied. Hypersensitivity to local anaesthetics. Areas at high risk of…

…clip the hair — small cuts cause burning pain. 2. Position the pads, preferably anteroposteriorly : one anteriorly over the praecordium to the left of the sternum…

…early diastolic early diastolic holodiastolic Quantification of regurgitant jet Mild regurgitation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation Jet width / LVOT width < 0,25 0,25 0…

…month to 16 years. Reference values for patients aged <1 month are less reliable due to the small sample size in Rijnbeek et al. Therefore…

…Doppler weak, slow deceleration variable dense, steep deceleration, early termination of diastolic flow Jet width colour Doppler small,, < 10 mm length, narrow origin va

…weak, slow deceleration variable dense, steep deceleration, early termination of diastolic flow Jet width colour Doppler small,, < 10 mm length, narrow origin variable large…