…lower leg in a patient with peripheral arterial disease or diabetes — the wound may not heal. Over superficial nerves (the lateral aspects of the fingers…

…failure with coagulopathy. Severe uncontrolled hypertension. Recent intracranial haemorrhage without a fresh assessment of benefit and risk. An inability to attend for sampling and follow…

…diagnostic prerequisite for clinical AF remains the documentation of the arrhythmia via a standard 12 lead ECG or a single lead ECG tracing lasting ≥30…

…in any of the following: A systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg caused by the arrhythmia. Ongoing myocardial ischaemia with chest pain and ECG changes…

…the absence of a major residual epicardial obstruction. No reflow is associated with serious short and long term outcomes. Its occurrence is associated with an…

…particularly with pethidine. Caution: untreated sleep apnoea, a concurrent benzodiazepine or gabapentinoid, marked hypovolaemia, head injury with impaired consciousness, biliary tract disease. There is no…

…Which of the following ECG findings is typically considered a normal variant in asymptomatic athletes with no significant family history? A: Mobitz Type II 2nd…

…22 above 70 years, and reduced food intake together form the basis of most screening instruments and should prompt a nutritional assessment. See also unintentional…

…usually 5–10 mL, with a longer needle so that the periosteum can be infiltrated generously — it is the periosteum that hurts, not the skin…

…confirmation of the position that determines whether the tube is safe. A misplaced tube in the airway produces no reliable symptoms in a patient with…

…crisis. Contraindications There are no absolute contraindications in hypoxaemia. Take particular care in: A risk of hypercapnic respiratory failure — COPD, severe obesity with hypoventilation, neuromuscular…

…of the disease. In lateral epicondylitis the effect is in fact worse than no treatment at all at one year . The injection is therefore a…

…QRS morphology is compatible with ventricular tachycardia, then the diagnosis is ventricular tachycardia. If no criteria have been fulfilled, a diagnosis of supraventricular tachycardia can…

…Fever. Atrial fibrillation. Worsening of heart failure. Caution • Used cautiously in patients with acute heart failure. • Clevidipine can cause reflex tachycardia. • Contraindicated in severe aortic…

…Proper Name(s) Active Ingredient(s) Cardiotoxicity Label Section DICT Concern Cardiac side effects Severity of cardiotoxicity Hyaluronic Acid HYALURONIC ACID HYALURONIC ACID NA no…

…® Mechanism of action • Induces arteriolar vasodilation. No effect on venous circulation. • May cause reflex sympathetic stimulation (can be counteracted with simultaneous administration of beta…

…quantification: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography's Guidelines and Standards Committee and the Chamber Quantification Writing Group, developed in conjunction with the…

…Treatment • No prior treatment, low dose, or low intensity lipid lowering therapy: • Start high potency, high dose statin therapy (Class I recommendation). • Immediate combination with…

…Duration of action: 5 to 10 minutes. Adverse effects Headache (cerebral vasodilation). Tachycardia (due to reflex sympathetic activation). Nausea. Vomiting. Flushing. Palpitations. Tolerance with prolonged…

…perfusion. • Dose dependent elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) and reduction in cerebral blood flow. Caution • Used cautiously in patients with high intracranial pressure or azotemia…

…BP ≥180/110 mmHg with acute HMOD, although other guidance emphasizes that no single BP threshold is diagnostically sufficient: the presence of ongoing acute organ…

…of life. Women with suspected angina are more likely than men to have non anginal symptoms such as dyspnoea and fatigue, as well as a…

…suggestive of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), biochemical evidence of myocardial injury with corroborating evidence of infarction caused by ischaemia, and no obstructive stenosis in a…

…unwanted interventions. Unfortunately, during the stressful circumstances surrounding a sudden cardiac arrest, uncertainty may arise with regard to no flow time, low flow time, patient…

…Acquisition of ECGs in pediatric patients is slightly different from adults, due to obvious anatomical differences. There are, however, no differences regarding the ECG grid…

…resists 20 minutes of severe hypoxia before cell death begins. It appears that neurons are unable to transition into a similar state with downregulated metabolism…

…cells surrounding it do. These cells are capable of generating an escape rhythm with a rate of 40 beats per minute. QRS complexes are normal…

…with a frequency of roughly 40 beats per minute. If the escape rhythm has wide QRS complexes and a frequency of 20–40 it is…

…No risk of hypercapnia and a normal blood gas Usually 94 to 98 percent An individually documented target prescription, for example in chronic hypercapnia Follow…

…70 % of the measurements are valid , with at least 20 daytime and 7 night time values, and with a measurement interval of no more than…

…Screening in diabetes of 10 years' duration, or in diabetes with age 50 years. Risk assessment in known coronary or cerebrovascular disease. Follow up after…

…intravenous treatment with a controlled reduction, as a rule no more than 25% during the first hour. The exception is aortic dissection, where a systolic…

…two separate occasions with a separate identity check each time Always, once per patient if no valid result exists Type and screen (BAS test) Blood…

…confirmed after a 20 minute no touch period, for example after poisoning, since this is not compatible with a DCD process. The assessment of medical…

…report of 2024, the diagnosis of DKA requires three components: diabetes or hyperglycaemia, ketosis and metabolic acidosis. A very high glucose value is no longer…

…proceed with urgent investigation , and a normal CT of the brain does not exclude an infarction in the posterior fossa. Preparation and equipment No special…

…weeks of adequate anticoagulation before cardioversion — an INR ≥ 2.0 checked weekly on warfarin, or documented well managed DOAC therapy with no missed doses. A…

…work of breathing with impending exhaustion. Threatened airway obstruction: inhalation injury, anaphylaxis, deep neck infection, an expanding haematoma, facial trauma. An anticipated course requiring a…

…injury may be at greater immediate risk than a stable dialysis patient with a plasma potassium of 6.6 mmol/L and an unchanged ECG…

…of effect, the dosing, the adverse effects and the important precautions. A hypertensive emergency is defined by a markedly raised blood pressure in combination with…

Endokrinologi & metabolism Akutsjukvård Lathundar Emergency overview Measure the plasma glucose immediately in everyone with a reduced level of consciousness, seizures, confusion, a change in behaviour…

…A markedly raised GGT with the other tests normal is most often enzyme induction by alcohol or drugs and is often of no clinical significance…

…Contraindications There are no absolute contraindications, but be cautious and consider referral in: Diabetes with neuropathy or peripheral arterial disease — a risk of osteomyelitis and…

…abdominal pain of unclear cause do not delay the diagnosis and should be given, but document the examination findings before the dose. A plan for…

…sheath, and a cell count plus albumin on the sample. Indications Diagnostic paracentesis: Newly detected ascites — always. Every admission of a patient with known ascites…

…mitral and tricuspid inflow The echocardiographic counterpart of pulsus paradoxus Contraindications In overt tamponade with shock there are no absolute contraindications other than the conditions…

…Choose a point with at least 15 mm depth of fluid throughout the respiratory cycle and where the lung does not come up against the…

…A patient who remains unconscious (with no meaningful response to speech) after the return of spontaneous circulation , whether the arrest occurred in or out of…

…Heart failure, pulmonary oedema and other conditions with a high risk of fluid overload — a relative contraindication requiring invasive monitoring and slower administration. Significant metabolic…

…for male patients with a score of 1 or more. Patient preference and risk benefit balance determine whether treatment is initiated. High No treatment High…

…Fever. Atrial fibrillation. Worsening of heart failure. Caution • Used cautiously in patients with acute heart failure. • Clevidipine can cause reflex tachycardia. • Contraindicated in severe aortic…

…With regards to drugs, the risk of QT prolongation and TdP varies markedly across the list but tends to be rather similar within a drug…

…only a minority had a reduced value — the majority of sudden cardiac deaths occur in patients with preserved LVEF, for whom no practical risk prediction…

…instability and represents approximately 5–10% of cases. Intermediate high risk PE occurs in haemodynamically stable patients with both RV dysfunction on imaging and elevated…

…optimal initial combination strategy remains uncertain. A beta blocker combined with a dihydropyridine CCB is appropriate for many patients. Long acting nitrates or ranolazine may…

…trial analyses. Some data from a study of healthy women suggested a reduction in ischaemic stroke, particularly among women with stroke risk factors, but this…

…participants who were described as frail generally had no more than mild frailty, limiting the applicability of trial findings to people with substantial functional impairment…

…observed in patients with elevated TnT levels who had underlying cardiovascular disease, of which 69.4% died. Guo et al also report a significant association…

…particularly important in determining management. The benefit of carotid revascularisation is greatest in patients with a recent TIA or stroke, particularly when the event occurred…

…rather than as a universal population screening test. It may also be considered in selected lower risk individuals with a family history of premature coronary…