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Cryotherapy of skin lesions

…lower leg in a patient with peripheral arterial disease or diabetes — the wound may not heal. Over superficial nerves (the lateral aspects of the fingers…

Warfarin therapy

…failure with coagulopathy. Severe uncontrolled hypertension. Recent intracranial haemorrhage without a fresh assessment of benefit and risk. An inability to attend for sampling and follow…

Anticoagulation Strategies in Atrial Fibrillation

…diagnostic prerequisite for clinical AF remains the documentation of the arrhythmia via a standard 12 lead ECG or a single lead ECG tracing lasting ≥30…

Atrial fibrillation: quick reference for emergency management

…in any of the following: A systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg caused by the arrhythmia. Ongoing myocardial ischaemia with chest pain and ECG changes…

No-Reflow Phenomenon During Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Prevention and Treatment

…the absence of a major residual epicardial obstruction. No reflow is associated with serious short and long term outcomes. Its occurrence is associated with an…

Opioid therapy in severe pain

…particularly with pethidine. Caution: untreated sleep apnoea, a concurrent benzodiazepine or gabapentinoid, marked hypovolaemia, head injury with impaired consciousness, biliary tract disease. There is no…

Quiz: ECG in athletes

…Which of the following ECG findings is typically considered a normal variant in asymptomatic athletes with no significant family history? A: Mobitz Type II 2nd…

Anthropometric measurements

…22 above 70 years, and reduced food intake together form the basis of most screening instruments and should prompt a nutritional assessment. See also unintentional…

Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy

…usually 5–10 mL, with a longer needle so that the periosteum can be infiltrated generously — it is the periosteum that hurts, not the skin…

Nasogastric tube

…confirmation of the position that determines whether the tube is safe. A misplaced tube in the airway produces no reliable symptoms in a patient with…

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