Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and therapeutic rationale Inclisiran is a liver directed small interfering RNA (siRNA) designed to reduce production of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin…

…of the arterial wall. It is characterized by the subendothelial accumulation of apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins, macrophage infiltration, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and extracellular matrix…

…to rupture of the vasa vasorum, although improved imaging demonstrates small intimal disruptions in approximately 20%–60% of cases. These disruptions may initiate or complicate…

…their capital letters (Q, R, S), and small waves are referred to by their lower case letters (q, r, s). Figure 5 shows examples of…

…of 3 or more indicates a difficult intubation — call for help and get out the videolaryngoscope and plan B before you give the induction agent…

…Normal QRS (A), left bundle branch block (B) and right bundle branch block (C). One large box equals 100 ms at paperspeed 25 mm/s…

…too small to be detected by skin electrodes; the ECG presents the electrical activity of the atrial and ventricular myocardium. Automaticity of pacemaker cells The…

…laboratory components; the diagnostic criteria themselves are not reproduced in the available source material. Waist circumference is particularly important because intra abdominal, or visceral, adipose…

…and infarction Myocardial ischemia: cellular changes, ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine…

…Indications Unexplained cytopenia in one or more cell lines. Suspected acute leukaemia, myelodysplastic syndrome or myeloproliferative neoplasm. Work up and staging of lymphoma and myeloma…

…moment the spray starts. Let the tissue thaw completely between cycles — it is the freeze–thaw–freeze cycle that causes cell death, not the cold…

…a biopsy for direct immunofluorescence). Suspected cutaneous vasculitis, lymphoma or granulomatous disease. A treatment resistant rash without a definite diagnosis. Choice of technique Diagnostic question…

…pain or restricted movement (therapeutic aspiration). Intra articular corticosteroid injection in verified inflammatory or osteoarthritis related joint disease. Contraindications Infection of the skin or soft…

… pericardiocentesis is at best a bridge to it. A small (under 10 mm), loculated or purely posterior effusion with no safe route for puncture — surgical…

…action potentials, and pacemaker cells. Principles of myocardial excitability and the conduction system Achieving an effective pumping mechanism requires the atria and the ventricles to…

Akutsjukvård Psykiatri Lathundar Delirium in older adults: quick reference A quick reference for ward and on call physicians: recognise hypoactive delirium, stabilise the patient, work…

…or frequent blood gases are needed 3 Blood grouping and cross matching. Order red cells early with ongoing major bleeding 4 Tests: haemoglobin, platelet count…

…mitrale ). If the atria are depolarized by impulses generated by cells outside of the sinoatrial node (i.e by an ectopic focus), the morphology of…

…not be performed in the presence of absolute contraindications. Relative contraindications call for an individualized assessment of the risks; if the benefit outweighs the risk…

…entire heart and the departures of the larger vessels. The visceral layer consists of mesothelian cells, collagen and elastin and is fused with the myocardium…

…infarction. Sinus Node Dysfunction (SND) – Sinus node dysfunction implies that the cells of the sinoatrial node are defective and fail to generate electrical impulses. Side…

…in echocardiography (i.e the transducer) is stationary. The moving objects are instead the blood cells (primarily erythrocytes) and tissues (primarily myocardium). The Doppler principle…

Echocardiography Principles of echocardiographic examinations In small children, it is possible to perform the entire transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) with the child in the supine position…

…rationale Bempedoic acid is an oral, small molecule lipid lowering agent used to reduce low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C), particularly when statins cannot be…

…effusion and cardiac tamponade The pericardial space (cavity) always contains a small amount of serous fluid which acts as a lubricant that prevents friction during…

…pulmonic) regurgitation Pulmonary regurgitation is also called pulmonic regurgitation . The majority of all adults exhibit a small pulmonary regurgitation, which is considered a normal finding…

…cutaneous abscess in an otherwise healthy person. There are two ways the procedure fails: the incision is too small, so that the cavity closes again…

…10 mm. At 50 mm/s a small square (1 mm) corresponds to 20 ms and a large square (5 mm) to 100 ms. Intervals…

…effect varies tenfold between individuals, and the only way to find the right level is to give a small dose, wait until it has worked…

…whether the treatment is safe is not the starting dose but the system around the patient : that the weekly dose is adjusted in small steps…

…weak, slow deceleration variable dense, steep deceleration, early termination of diastolic flow Jet width colour Doppler small,, < 10 mm length, narrow origin variable large…

…Within a day or so Unilateral, foul smelling nasal discharge in a small child is a foreign body until proven otherwise. Contraindications Absolute: that you…

…spread of infection A small or uncooperative child Movement causes injury Preparation and equipment Otoscopy: an otoscope with a charged battery and clean disposable specula…

…used for dosing, not the value normalised to body surface area — the difference is substantial in very small and very large people. Acute kidney injury…

…Superficial wounds with well apposed edges, abrasions and small wounds under about 5 mm often do better with adhesive strips, tissue adhesive or a dressing…

…of accumulation and the compliance of the pericardium. Rapid accumulation may cause tamponade with a relatively small volume, whereas a slowly enlarging effusion may reach…

…Source: Worldometer. Cardiovascular implications of COVID 19 Data on the natural history of COVID 19 relies on small samples of hospitalized patients. Most reports have…

…Restenosis was more likely with: Small reference vessel diameter A small post procedural lumen Substantial residual stenosis Long lesions Diabetes mellitus Untreated edge dissection Components…

…or both. Consequently, relatively small increases in venous return can produce disproportionate increases in left ventricular and left atrial pressure. At rest, filling pressures may…

…beds. Malignant hypertension represents an extreme form in which acute microvascular injury occurs, classically involving fibrinoid necrosis of small arteries in the kidneys, retina, and…

…Inhibition of hepatic PCSK9 synthesis , using the small interfering RNA (siRNA) agent inclisiran. The magnitude of LDL C lowering depends partly on residual LDL receptor…

…atrial appendage, although competing mechanisms such as large artery atherosclerosis and small vessel disease may also contribute to stroke in patients with AF. Stroke risk…

…the atria and the ventricles (particularly the former). Even small pressure elevations on the right side can compromise venous return to the right ventricle. Therefore…

…infarct (occlusion of small penetrating arteries) : This is the most common type of ischaemic stroke, resulting from the occlusion of small penetrating arteries that provide…

…simultaneously. Since the membrane potential is relatively unchanged during the plateau phase, the potential differences in the myocardium will be small during this phase. Therefore…

…clinicians. Perfusion defects are categorized by their size, encompassing: Small defects : <10% of the left ventricular myocardium. Medium defects : 10–20% of the myocardium. Large…

…Similar to vascular endothelium, the endocardium contains an underlying basement membrane and a small layer of loose connective tissue. The endocardium joins the endothelium that…

…surface). This is because the electrical potentials generated by the sinoatrial node are much too small to be detected on the surface ECG. Intracardiac electrodes…

…BSA [body surface area]). Approximately 85% 90% of healthy individuals in the general population exhibit a small tricuspid regurgitation, which is considered a normal finding…

…in a rapid increase in left ventricular volume, but only a small increase in left ventricular pressure. This is explained by the fact that the…

…unreliable: marked obesity, pronounced vasoconstriction, arrhythmia, intra aortic balloon pump. Assessment of stroke volume variation as part of fluid management. Contraindications Infection, burn or trauma…

…Free T3 3.1–6.8 pmol/L TSH is logarithmically related to T4 — a small change in T4 produces a large change in TSH…

…to a hanging head. Frenzel goggles or video Frenzel if available — small beats of nystagmus can otherwise be hard to see, particularly when the patient…

…area < 0.05 0.05 0.59 0.59 Qualitative parameters Mild regurgitation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation Jet area small variable large if central…

…Specula in several sizes (small, medium, large; a long one for a high BMI), preferably warmed. Water based lubricant in a small quantity — it does…

…5. Use the correct cuff size. A cuff that is too small overestimates the blood pressure. 6. Repeat the measurement after a few minutes' rest…

…an adult: choose the larger , since a mask that is too small leaks and gives a poorer seal. Procedure Insertion of the laryngeal mask 1…

…sterile glove rolled down. A nail splitter or strong pointed scissors, a Freer elevator or small artery forceps, toothed surgical forceps. A size 11 scalpel…

…children 24 G Yellow 15–20 mL/min Neonates and small children The flows apply to water by gravity according to the manufacturers' standard measurements…

… ultrasound guidance is mandatory) Relative A very small or loculated effusion — consider image guided puncture in the radiology department The thresholds for the INR and…