…Bradyasystole during and after cardiac arrest with persisting electrical activity. Overdrive pacing in bradycardia dependent torsades de pointes. Standby pacing — pads applied but the device…

…is highly dependent on preload and afterload. A rapid increase in preload (e.g by increasing venous return to the heart in supine position) leads…

…Pain that is worse at night or when the limb is horizontal. Improvement when the leg is placed in a dependent position. With advanced disease…

…By inhibiting the intracellular portion of its transmembrane pore, ivabradine reduces the slope of diastolic depolarisation and produces a dose dependent reduction in sinus rate…

…examinations In small children, it is possible to perform the entire transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) with the child in the supine position. This is possible due…

…in: Assessing ventilation quality. Determining ventilation rate. Verifying the position of the tracheal tube. Evaluating the efficacy of chest compressions. Identifying return of spontaneous circulation…

…as a triage test on the same liquid based sample when the HPV test is positive — the sample therefore does not need to be repeated…

…is performed by paramedics, nurses or physicians, depending on the design of the pre hospital system. ACLS involves placing an advanced airway, defibrillating shockable rhythms…

…if it is safe for the rescuer, victim and bystanders. Relocate to a safe position if required. 2. Confirm cardiac arrest In case of a…

…heart is fixed to the larger vessels and diaphragm, which stabilizes the position of the heart. The parietal layer limits the volume filling of the…

…by a repolarization (recovery). The action potential occurs in all cardiac cells but its appearance varies depending on cell type. During de and repolarization ions…

…atrial rate (beats/min)? P waves should precede every QRS complex and the P wave should be positive in lead II. Common findings Sinus rhythm …

…P waves with constant morphology preceding every QRS complex. P wave is positive in limb lead II. Normal (physiological) causes of sinus bradycardia Sinus bradycardia…

…with normal ST segments, whereas isolated ST depression in a woman with a low pre test probability is usually a false positive. Indications Evaluation of…

…echogenicity). For each reflection, a portion of the sound waves return to the transducer and produce a copy of the reflector on the image. Hence…

…be considered a basic clinical skill. Pacing activity may be visible or invisible, depending on e.g the type of pacemaker, intrinsic cardiac activity, etc…

…and the period before a urological procedure. A positive urine dipstick in an older patient is difficult to interpret. Skin and soft tissue Diagnosis Agent…

…60–90 % For acute severe hypoxaemia. Fill the bag before applying the mask Venturi mask 2–15 L/min depending on the valve 24, 28…

…commonly referred to simply as atrial tachycardia or atrial rhythm, depending on the ventricular response. The ECG in ectopic atrial rhythm and atrial tachycardia A…

Procedurer The insertion itself is rarely the difficult part — it is the confirmation of the position that determines whether the tube is safe. A misplaced…

…waves. The transducer is held with one hand and its position and angle are adjusted to send ultrasound waves through structures to be visualized. Ultrasound…

…whether the difficulties were anticipated, whether the position and the equipment are in order, and whether there is an explicit plan for what happens when…

…ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 41–49%. It occupies an intermediate position between heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), defined by an LVEF ≤40%…

…but only if the examiner is trained. Brief attacks triggered by the position of the head relative to gravity: perform Dix Hallpike and, if needed…

Procedurer Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo is the commonest cause of vertigo in primary care and one of the few diagnoses that can be cured on…

…line is necessary to achieve an optimal result. Overview of vasopressors and inotropes Vasoconstriction Vasodilatation Positive inotropy Phenylephrine Vasopressin Midodrine Noradrenaline Adrenaline, high dose Dopamine…

…biphasic defibrillators , which are standard due to superior efficacy over monophasic devices. Electrode position (anterior posterior vs. antero lateral) does not affect success, but active…

…and defibrillation according to adult recommendations. Electrode pads should be positioned as standard, and defibrillation energy levels should remain consistent with those used for non…

…Cannot complete a sentence in one breath Single words or unable to speak Position and behaviour Can lie down or sit Often sits leaning forward…

…into the mediastinum. The anterior superior iliac spine is a second line alternative in marked obesity or when the supine position is necessary. After previous…

…1. Place the joint at the angle the treatment requires before the cast is applied, and hold that position until the cast has set. 2…

…A patient who cannot lie flat or cannot cooperate — consider sedation, a different position or a different vessel. Choice of site Vessel Advantages Disadvantages : : : Internal…

…tube: a gastric tube and a 50–60 mL catheter syringe, and equipment for confirming the position. For gastric lavage: a wide bore orogastric tube …

…Insert the needle in one movement, aspirating gently as it advances. Fluid in the syringe confirms the position. 4. Empty the joint as completely as…

…and lubricate the dorsal surface. 2. Position the head in the sniffing position if the neck may be moved. 3. Ensure that the patient is…

…needle itself. It is the decision whether to perform it now or after imaging, how the patient is positioned, which needle is chosen, and that…

…diagnostic and therapeutic aspiration; for drain insertion the supine position is used with the arm abducted and the hand behind the head. All drains are…

…cannot wait. A radiograph after reduction is always taken — to confirm the position and to detect fractures that have occurred or been unmasked. Preparation and…

…anything in the mouth. Suction the mouth as needed and place the patient in the recovery position when this is practicable. Give oxygen if hypoxaemic…

…and orthostatic stress. Situational triggers such as acute hemorrhage, cough, defecation, laugh, micturition, sneeze, swallow, and postprandial states. In some instances, patients may present with…

…reduces blood availability in the heart. Symptoms of ischemic heart disease are generally not related to body position or respiration. Triggering factors Symptoms triggered by…

…subjects, the echocardiographic evaluation in pediatric patients requires a different approach, with more emphasis on the heart position in the thorax, the atrial situs viscerum…

…and supine position worsens the chest pain, and sitting upright and leaning forward alleviates the chest pain; the pain in STEMI is unaffected by position…

…using an electronic caliper, with the tips positioned at the interface between the compacted myocardium and the noncompacted myocardium (i.e trabeculae). The compacted myocardium…

…mitral annulus, which during systole travels towards the apex, and then recoils to its starting position. Mitral annulus velocity is used to study longitudinal contraction;…

…Injection of contrast media into the ventricle will instead reveal that the apical portion of the left ventricle is dilated (hence the term apical ballooning…

…perfusion imaging (MPI) with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or positron emission tomography (PET) is a radionuclide based method for assessing regional myocardial blood…

…the left in the thorax. This positions the basal portion of the left lateral wall posteriorly in thorax (Figure 1). This area is most frequently…

…tomography (CT), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission computed tomography (PET) and coronary angiography. These modalities aim to image the myocardium, assess wall…

…tomographic images of the left ventricle. In PET (Positron Emission Tomography), radiotracers emit positrons. When a positron collides with an electron, they annihilate each other…

…conditions. MPI uses radiotracers in combination with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or positron emission tomography (PET) to assess myocardial perfusion and blood flow…

…Relationship between viability and LV recovery Observational studies and positron emission tomography (PET) studies have shown that meaningful improvement in global LV ejection fraction (LVEF…

…the conventional 12 lead ECG. These situations are as follows: Transmural ischemia located in the posterolateral portion of the left ventricle . Transmural ischemia located in…

…obtain lead –aVR, the exploring and the reference points must switch positions so that lead –aVR is equal to aVR upside down. It turns out…

…P wave. The P wave is a small, positive and smooth wave. It is small because the atria make a relatively small muscle mass. If…

…but fundamental part of ECG interpretation. The normal T wave in adults is positive in most precordial and limb leads. The T wave amplitude is…

…P wave precedes every QRS complex; the PR interval is constant and the P wave is positive in lead II. Causes of bradyarrhythmia: sinus bradycardia…

…and is not specific: motor neurone disease, myopathies and Lambert–Eaton syndrome may also give a positive result. A negative test does not exclude myasthenia…

…give systemic antibiotics and contact an ophthalmologist urgently . A positive Seidel's sign. A foreign body centrally in the visual axis requiring an operating microscope…

…anticoagulants (DOACs) are contraindicated. Antiphospholipid syndrome, particularly triple positive disease or after an arterial event, where DOACs have proved inferior. Atrial fibrillation with marked renal…