…The oesophageal signal is thereby displayed in the V5 channel on the printout. 3. Set the filter: a frequency range of about 15–40 Hz …

…volume (SV) should be placed between the leaflet tips (1–3 mm axial length of SV) and sweep speed is set to 50 mm/s…

…distinct flow (almost 5 m/s) directed away from the transducer during systole (systole starts at the peak of the R wave on the electrocardiogram)…

…utilized to assess whether there is any residual ischemia or angina pectoris. Patients may undergo repeated stress tests to assess symptoms and signs of ischemia.

…young individuals. The severity of symptoms and presence of high risk arrhythmias on ECG guides the management of non acute or asymptomatic bradyarrhythmia. In patients…

…minute or even invisible spikes (at least in some leads). Pacemaker stimulated beats display wide QRS complexes and a left bundle branch block pattern on…

…instability or a life threatening arrhythmia. Undrained pneumothorax. Facial trauma, facial burns or recent facial surgery that make a seal impossible. Recent surgery on the…

…22 G needle, 20 mL and 50 mL syringes. Therapeutic drainage: a commercial paracentesis set or a catheter over needle, 16–18 G, connected to…

…and sudden: Loss of pulse. Loss of blood pressure. Loss of consciousness. Electromechanical dissociation or pulseless electrical activity despite ongoing sinus rhythm on the ECG…

…In life threatening conditions all contraindications are relative — but they govern which site is chosen. Infection, burns or trauma over the insertion site. Thrombosis or…

…the half life of carbon monoxide. Contact your national or regional poison control centre regarding hyperbaric treatment. Cluster headache. High flow oxygen on a reservoir…

…Relative Skin infection, herpes zoster or burns over the puncture site Relative Mechanical ventilation with a high PEEP (an increased risk of pneumothorax; ultrasound guidance…

…with better discrimination. The missing ingredient has been a training set large enough to link raw waveforms to reliable cause of death data. The current…

…not paced. An intrinsic heart rate faster than the base rate should inhibit the pacemaker. P waves The appearance of the P wave depends on…

…shine as clearly on the ultrasound image (Figure 2). Ultrasound waves are primarily reflected in the interface between media (tissues, fluids, etc) of different density…

…wrong patient — a mislabelled tube, or an identity check performed at the nurses' station instead of at the bedside. The check against the patient's…

…liver, lung or vessel lies in the path of the needle. Access Puncture site Direction Comment : : : : Subxiphoid 1–2 cm below and to the left

…contractility of hypothermia are not tolerated. A decision to withhold further life sustaining treatment. Preparation and equipment Continuous core temperature measurement. An oesophageal probe or…

…in patients with STEMI, those with NSTEMI and unstable angina are at considerable risk of developing life threatening ventricular arrhythmias (ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation) and…

…the decision on intubation early. Initial assessment Confirm that the presentation fits an exacerbation A COPD exacerbation is an acute or subacute worsening of dyspnoea…

…not to talk. Otherwise ordinary activities, including work. No showering or bathing. A diary of going to bed, getting up, medication intake, symptoms and any…

…disease. Contraindications Infection of the skin or soft tissues over the puncture site — use another approach or refrain. Bacteraemia without suspicion of joint infection (relative…

…Investigation of chronic cough, dyspnoea, wheeze or reduced exercise capacity. Suspected asthma or COPD — diagnosis and follow up. Risk groups: current or former smokers over…

…position until the cast has set. 2. Pull on the stockinette so that it extends a few centimetres beyond the planned ends of the cast…

…and gonorrhoea can be tested on urine or a self taken vaginal sample without a speculum. Routine gynaecological examination of asymptomatic women has not been…

…also be ignored. The atrial lead is therefore set to record signals with an amplitude range of 1.5 to 5 mV, and frequency 80…

…ultrasound machine creates an image of the tissues. Thus, the principle of ultrasound imaging is simple: sound waves are sent into the tissue and the…

…aortic balloon pump. Assessment of stroke volume variation as part of fluid management. Contraindications Infection, burn or trauma over the insertion site. Insufficient collateral circulation…

…A score of 3 or more indicates a difficult intubation — call for help and get out the videolaryngoscope and plan B before you give the…

…the larger , since a mask that is too small leaks and gives a poorer seal. Procedure Insertion of the laryngeal mask 1. Check the mask…

…Infection or burns over the puncture site. Osteogenesis imperfecta and severe osteoporosis (relative). An inability to identify the landmarks. Choice of vein and cannula size…

…Oversensing , which means that the pacemaker senses signals that are not true P waves or R waves. Sensing of such signals normally inhibits the pacemaker…

…Since the speed of sound in the human body is constant (1540 m/s), the PRF only depends on the distance the sound waves must…