Procedurer The oesophagus runs directly behind the left atrium. An electrode placed in the oesophagus at the right level therefore records atrial depolarisation with an…

…is derived by measuring flow velocities across the mitral valve using pulsed Doppler. Estimating left ventricular filling pressure via e' . Measurement of deceleration time (DT) …

…two different sets of piezoelectric crystals; one set for sending ultrasound and the other for analyzing reflected sound waves. The cardinal difference between continuous wave…

…For example, exercising patients with ongoing myocardial ischemia may provoke life threatening ventricular arrhythmias. Patients with previous acute coronary syndromes (ACS) Exercise stress testing is…

…treatment of bradycardia (bradyarrhythmia) Acute bradycardia with hemodynamic instability Acute bradycardia with hemodynamic effects is a potentially life threatening condition and should be managed urgently…

…the ventricles with the same rate. This occurs if ventricular stimulation is set to be triggered by the atrial impulse. Another cause of pacemaker mediated…

…vomiting. Haemodynamic instability or a life threatening arrhythmia. Undrained pneumothorax. Facial trauma, facial burns or recent facial surgery that make a seal impossible. Recent surgery…

…straightforward: ultrasound to find the fluid, an insertion site in the left lower quadrant lateral to the rectus sheath, and a cell count plus albumin…

…infarction (STEMI). The principal lesions are: Ventricular septal rupture (VSR), producing an acute left to right shunt. Ventricular free wall rupture, producing haemopericardium and cardiac…

…central line set with a triple lumen catheter, usually 7 Fr. Catheter length: the right internal jugular vein requires the shortest catheter, while left sided…

…shows a falsely normal value. Give 100 % oxygen on a reservoir mask — this markedly shortens the half life of carbon monoxide. Contact your national or…

…in empyema there are no absolute contraindications — the procedure is life saving and necessary respectively. Otherwise: Type Contraindication : : Absolute No safe pocket of fluid to…

…resistant to resolution. Known predictors of cardiac arrest The only risk biomarker in genuinely widespread use is left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), measured by echocardiography…

…base rate is usually set to 60 beats/min. The base rate is virtually always 50 beats/min, meaning that any heart rate below 50…

…are reflected . Since the sound waves are sent out in pulses and the velocity in the tissue is constant (1540 m/s), the machine can…

…an expired type and screen discovered when the patient is already bleeding costs precious time. Exact validity periods and the rules for electronic issue differ…

… one of the most useful signs Low voltage on the ECG, electrical alternans Supportive; it does not exclude Diastolic collapse of the right atrium and…

…the bradycardia and reduced contractility of hypothermia are not tolerated. A decision to withhold further life sustaining treatment. Preparation and equipment Continuous core temperature measurement…

…considerable risk of developing life threatening ventricular arrhythmias (ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation) and subsequently cardiac arrest. Although ventricular arrhythmias may occur any time after coronary…

Lungmedicin Akutsjukvård Lathundar Key messages Two things set the COPD exacerbation apart from many other causes of acute dyspnoea: oxygen must be titrated cautiously and…

…the patient has not kept a diary. The set up and the instructions decide whether the investigation will be usable. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM…

…fluid. The aspiration is technically simple — what determines the outcome is that it is done early and sterilely and that the samples are sent correctly…

…determines its entire value: a poorly performed manoeuvre gives a falsely low FVC and thus a falsely normal FEV₁/FVC. Set aside time, coach actively…

…calcium sulfate) Mouldable, cheap, heavier, less strong, takes longer to set Synthetic cast material (fibreglass) Lighter, stronger, radiolucent, tolerates moisture better, more expensive and stiffer…

…take place with the patient's ongoing consent, and be able to be stopped at any moment. A trauma informed approach also improves the technical…

ECG Stimulation threshold As previously discussed, myocardium may be excited by external electrical stimuli that drive the cells to threshold. Stimulation threshold is the minimum…

…these mechanical vibrations are converted into electric current that is sent back to the ultrasound machine, where the electrical signal is interpreted and translated into…

…a smaller size in children. A set with an integrated guidewire (Seldinger technique) helps when the vessel is difficult to puncture. Sterile preparation with chlorhexidine…

…happens when the first attempt fails. Desaturation and unrecognised oesophageal intubation are the two mechanisms that kill patients during airway management , and both are predictable…

…inflate to a seal and check that the cuff pressure does not exceed 60 cmH₂O . Gel cuffed masks of the i gel type have no…

…gauze, a transparent dressing, an extension set with a three way tap, and saline for flushing. An intraosseous drill system with needles in three lengths…

ECG Pacemaker malfunction, troubleshooting and ECG Conventional surface ECG can reveal the following types of pacemaker dysfunction: Failure to capture (FTC) , which means that the…

…pulsed wave Doppler). Pulse repetition frequency (PRF) The number of ultrasound pulses sent per second is called pulse repetition frequency (PRF) . PRF is determined by…