Lungmedicin Akutsjukvård Lathundar Key messages Two things set the COPD exacerbation apart from many other causes of acute dyspnoea: oxygen must be titrated cautiously and…

…the patient has not kept a diary. The set up and the instructions decide whether the investigation will be usable. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM…

…fluid. The aspiration is technically simple — what determines the outcome is that it is done early and sterilely and that the samples are sent correctly…

…determines its entire value: a poorly performed manoeuvre gives a falsely low FVC and thus a falsely normal FEV₁/FVC. Set aside time, coach actively…

…two different sets of piezoelectric crystals; one set for sending ultrasound and the other for analyzing reflected sound waves. The cardinal difference between continuous wave…

…the ventricles with the same rate. This occurs if ventricular stimulation is set to be triggered by the atrial impulse. Another cause of pacemaker mediated…

…calcium sulfate) Mouldable, cheap, heavier, less strong, takes longer to set Synthetic cast material (fibreglass) Lighter, stronger, radiolucent, tolerates moisture better, more expensive and stiffer…

…Undrained pneumothorax. Facial trauma, facial burns or recent facial surgery that make a seal impossible. Recent surgery on the oesophagus or upper gastrointestinal tract, ileus…

…the most recent sample analysed for HPV. Invitations are sent up to and including the age of 70, and the last sample is in practice…

…the leaflet tips (1–3 mm axial length of SV) and sweep speed is set to 50 mm/s to 100 mm/s (Figure 1)…

…while minimizing battery consumption. Amplitudes are normally below 1.5 V and pulse duration (width) is usually set to 0.5 ms. The relationship between…

…exercise tests should not be maximal, which means that the clinician must set a lower goal regarding workload (e.g. reaching 70% of maximal pulse…

…are reflected . Since the sound waves are sent out in pulses and the velocity in the tissue is constant (1540 m/s), the machine can…

…the principle of ultrasound imaging is simple: sound waves are sent into the tissue and the reflected waves are used to create an image of…

…a smaller size in children. A set with an integrated guidewire (Seldinger technique) helps when the vessel is difficult to puncture. Sterile preparation with chlorhexidine…

…in a bleeding patient. A transfusion set with a filter. Blood components must not be given through a set without a filter. Sodium chloride 9…

…should be changed or removed once the situation has stabilised. Preparation and equipment A central line set with a triple lumen catheter, usually 7 Fr…

…within reach under the pillow or by the right shoulder. A reservoir mask with a tight fitting seal, a separate nasal cannula for apnoeic oxygenation…

…6 over 100 kg 50 mL The volumes are maxima — inflate to a seal and check that the cuff pressure does not exceed 60 cmH₂O …

…3. Set the filter: a frequency range of about 15–40 Hz , and adjust the gain so that the atrial deflections are clear without clipping…

…simple mask, a mask with a reservoir, a Venturi mask with a set of valves, and a high flow nasal cannula where available. Bag mask…

…22 G needle, 20 mL and 50 mL syringes. Therapeutic drainage: a commercial paracentesis set or a catheter over needle, 16–18 G, connected to…

…spinal needle or the needle from a pericardiocentesis set), 10 mL and 20 mL syringes, a three way tap. A Seldinger set with a guidewire…

…gauze, a transparent dressing, an extension set with a three way tap, and saline for flushing. An intraosseous drill system with needles in three lengths…

…commercial aspiration set or a 6–8 F pigtail catheter, a drainage bag or a vacuum bottle. Drainage: a chest drain, an underwater seal unit…

…is set to a target of around 37.0–37.5 °C , that is, with a margin below the fever threshold, since a device set…

…with better discrimination. The missing ingredient has been a training set large enough to link raw waveforms to reliable cause of death data. The current…

…Jugular venous distension. Pulsus paradoxus. The pericardium may temporarily seal the rupture, producing subacute tamponade and cardiogenic shock rather than immediate death. Papillary muscle rupture…

…yields an activation. The pacemaker is then set to the minimum energy needed to activate myocardium (a safety margin is often used). Most pacemakers perform…

…activity below the base rate will trigger pacing. The base rate is usually set to 60 beats/min. The base rate is virtually always 50…

…Identify signs of heart failure, hypoperfusion (assess skin temperature, color, sweat). Table 1. Initial evaluation of bradycardia according to ABCDE. Symptoms of bradycardia Bradycardia may…

…angina is considerable and most patients are therefore markedly affected. Other symptoms – such as dyspnea, cold sweat, nausea, etc – are also common in NSTEMI and…

…pulsed wave Doppler). Pulse repetition frequency (PRF) The number of ultrasound pulses sent per second is called pulse repetition frequency (PRF) . PRF is determined by…