…set the COPD exacerbation apart from many other causes of acute dyspnoea: oxygen must be titrated cautiously and the blood gas determines the need for…

…than for medical reasons: the cuff is in the wrong place, the electrodes come off, the patient has not kept a diary. The set up…

…fluid. The aspiration is technically simple — what determines the outcome is that it is done early and sterilely and that the samples are sent correctly…

…clip and have the patient seal the lips tightly around the mouthpiece without the tongue blocking it. 3. Quiet breathing for a few breaths until…

…two different sets of piezoelectric crystals; one set for sending ultrasound and the other for analyzing reflected sound waves. The cardinal difference between continuous wave…

…the ventricles with the same rate. This occurs if ventricular stimulation is set to be triggered by the atrial impulse. Another cause of pacemaker mediated…

…has set, and document it. 10. Elevate the limb and inform the patient. Backslab or circumferential cast A dorsal backslab or another half slab for…

…usually set at 12–16 breaths per minute. Regional protocols and the terminology used by different devices vary; follow the local setting instructions for the…

…HPV positive The interval is counted from the most recent sample analysed for HPV. Invitations are sent up to and including the age of 70…

Echocardiography Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular diastolic function Methods for evaluating left ventricular diastolic function have evolved considerably in the past two decades. Currently recommended…

…while minimizing battery consumption. Amplitudes are normally below 1.5 V and pulse duration (width) is usually set to 0.5 ms. The relationship between…

…and results of the exercise test may be affected by patient characteristics. For example, exercising patients with ongoing myocardial ischemia may provoke life threatening ventricular…

…are reflected . Since the sound waves are sent out in pulses and the velocity in the tissue is constant (1540 m/s), the machine can…

…the principle of ultrasound imaging is simple: sound waves are sent into the tissue and the reflected waves are used to create an image of…

…an adult; a smaller size in children. A set with an integrated guidewire (Seldinger technique) helps when the vessel is difficult to puncture. Sterile preparation…

…A transfusion set with a filter. Blood components must not be given through a set without a filter. Sodium chloride 9 mg/mL for flushing

…concentrated potassium, cytotoxic drugs, parenteral nutrition. The need for several simultaneous, incompatible infusions. Haemodialysis, plasmapheresis or other extracorporeal therapy (requires a large bore dialysis catheter…

…or by the right shoulder. A reservoir mask with a tight fitting seal, a separate nasal cannula for apnoeic oxygenation, a bag with a PEEP…

…oxygenation, never intubation in itself — and every difficult airway algorithm is at bottom a timetable for when to stop doing what you are doing. Indications…

…determines the diagnosis, and it is asked of a patient who is haemodynamically stable enough for there to be time to ask it. Indications Wide…

…a Venturi mask with a set of valves, and a high flow nasal cannula where available. Bag mask equipment for a patient who is not…

…commercial paracentesis set or a catheter over needle, 16–18 G, connected to tubing and a collection container. Sample tubes: an EDTA tube for the…

…tap. A Seldinger set with a guidewire, a dilator and a 5–8 F pigtail catheter , plus a drainage bag. Sample tubes for cell count…

…an extension set with a three way tap, and saline for flushing. An intraosseous drill system with needles in three lengths: short for children and…

…bag or a vacuum bottle. Drainage: a chest drain, an underwater seal unit, suture material, a size 11 scalpel, artery forceps. Sample tubes according to…

…target value that must never be exceeded, during the first 72 hours for as long as the patient remains unconscious. The evidence Trial Question Result …

Continous medical discussion: the ECG blog ECG A deep learning ECG biomarker for sudden cardiac death: what the new Nature study shows Low risk (blue…

…Large infarction, especially for septal or free wall rupture. Free wall rupture is more common after fibrinolytic therapy than after PCI in the reported clinical…

…yields an activation. The pacemaker is then set to the minimum energy needed to activate myocardium (a safety margin is often used). Most pacemakers perform…

…activity below the base rate will trigger pacing. The base rate is usually set to 60 beats/min. The base rate is virtually always 50…

…Identify signs of heart failure, hypoperfusion (assess skin temperature, color, sweat). Table 1. Initial evaluation of bradycardia according to ABCDE. Symptoms of bradycardia Bradycardia may…

…by the American Heart Association (AHA), American College of Cardiology (ACC) and the European Society for Cardiology (ESC). The chapter will start with basic concepts…

…time required for sound waves to travel back and forth, which results in lower pulse repetition frequency (fewer ultrasound pulses can be sent per second…