…connected to the patient — the device senses the rhythm through the cable, not through the pads. A pulse oximeter, a blood pressure cuff, and an…

…World Heart Federation (WHF) collaborated to redefine MI using a biochemical and clinical approach. This culminated in the Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction Consensus Documents…

…patient. Transfusion given solely to reach a laboratory value without a clinical question. A patient who declines blood transfusion. The decision must be documented and…

…related to the left atrial appendage, although competing mechanisms such as large artery atherosclerosis and small vessel disease may also contribute to stroke in patients…

…Epidemiology and disease specific patterns Patients with inflammatory rheumatic disease have a higher cardiovascular risk than the general population. This excess risk has been documented…

…hypercapnia and a normal blood gas Usually 94 to 98 percent An individually documented target prescription, for example in chronic hypercapnia Follow the patient's…

…cardioversion has traditionally been possible without prior anticoagulation. The 2024 ESC guidelines and several Swedish clinical knowledge support documents have tightened the threshold to 24…

…body temperature to below 35°C. The lowest recorded body temperatures from which patients have been successfully resuscitated are 11.8°C for accidental hypothermia and 4…

…10 to 15 minutes and repeat treatment until the patient has recovered. 7. Follow up with a meal or with continued glucose administration adapted to…

…and pneumothorax. Non cardiopulmonary causes , including gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and anxiety related disorders. The immediate objective is not simply to establish whether the patient has ACS…

…the mask goes on, not after the sore has developed. Humidification, suction and the facility to give nebulised drugs within the circuit. Monitoring: continuous pulse…

…National Board of Health and Welfare, checked after the decision to withdraw treatment has been documented. 2. A donor card and written expressions of intent…

…presentations Left main disease may be clinically silent, and revascularisation recommendations are not restricted to patients with symptoms. Current guidance supports revascularisation for significant left…

…UA and NSTEMI has become increasingly dependent on the use of highly sensitive cardiac troponin assays. As detection of myocardial necrosis has improved, some patients…

…monitor it. Naloxone is titrated to spontaneous breathing, not to wakefulness. It has a short half life, and the patient must be monitored afterwards. Starting…

…intake Insulin pump The patient manages the pump themselves where possible. In impaired consciousness or DKA: remove the pump and change to an infusion or…

…electrodes come off, the patient has not kept a diary. The set up and the instructions decide whether the investigation will be usable. Ambulatory blood…

…full vital signs, level of consciousness, and repeated assessment of the circulation and breathing 2 Assess whether the patient has sepsis, septic shock, or a…

…residual weakness in a patient with known myasthenia responds to further cholinesterase inhibition. The test has a sensitivity of around 60 % and is not specific…

…ventricle. Studies from the US and Japan has estimated that up to 2% of patients referred to PCI with a suspicion of STE ACS/STEMI…

…9. Check the distal neurovascular status again once the cast has set, and document it. 10. Elevate the limb and inform the patient. Backslab or…

…Document the diagnosis and communicate it at every handover. Recognise it Core criteria Core criterion Meaning : : Acute onset The change has developed over hours to…

…Known — perform the test only on a clear indication and with full preparedness Moderate to severe aortic stenosis without symptoms Individual assessment Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with…

…establish a significant increase in late morbidity or mortality attributable to these events. Clinical presentation and symptoms Most patients with stent thrombosis present with ACS…

…hypovolaemia, requires a vasopressor to maintain a MAP of at least 65 mmHg and at the same time has a lactate above 2 mmol/L…

…routinely to a normoxic patient Temperature Treat fever and look for an underlying infection Swallowing Keep the patient nil by mouth until swallowing has been…

…in stroke has its own thresholds in the patient on anticoagulants; see the acute stroke quick reference. Stopping the drug and forgetting to restart it…

…to the table above. 9. Check that the whole lesion, including the margin, has turned white. Contact technique with a cryoprobe gives a deeper and…

…difficult to determine whether AF initiated the deterioration or resulted from it. AF has important consequences beyond the arrhythmia itself. It may cause symptoms and…

…stress tests; these patients should be referred to angiography instead. Exercise stress testing in women Exercise ECG has lower sensitivity and specificity in women. This…

…reach the patient the same day the result arrives. 3. Reduce to 5 mg (two tablets) on days 1 and 2 in patients over 75…

…toxic dose of a substance that binds to charcoal, when it can be given early and the patient has an intact or a protected airway…

…ventricular rate < 110/min is a sufficient initial target in most patients. Doses according to the local protocol and the Swedish medicines compendium (FASS)…

…be kept free of fever. Contraindications and caution Active fever prevention has in practice no absolute contraindications. With active cooling to hypothermia , caution applies in:…

…briefly and to the point: When did the deterioration begin, suddenly or over several days? Which drugs, and how many doses, has the patient taken…

…to the rectus sheath, and a cell count plus albumin on the sample. Indications Diagnostic paracentesis: Newly detected ascites — always. Every admission of a patient…

…equipped with an increasing number of methods to interrogate organ structure and function. Ultrasound imaging, including echocardiography, has become a standard tool for clinicians worldwide…

…the patient has symptoms suggestive of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), biochemical evidence of myocardial injury with corroborating evidence of infarction caused by ischaemia, and no…

…has on the contrary been associated with more pneumonia and a longer stay, although the results are influenced by the fact that the sickest patients…

…regards to the patient, loading conditions. If repeated echocardiograms yield pronounced variations in ejection fraction, then it is likely that variations in preload and afterload…

…go on, but he or she really has to push him or herself. It feels very heavy, and the person is very tired. 18 19…

…imaging finding; it can refine the decision to test and may identify patients who require preventive therapy even when functional testing is normal. Probability categories…

…is expected. 5. Ask the patient to flex the head forward and swallow repeatedly , preferably with sips of water if swallowing is safe. Advance the…

…and a target range for the saturation . What usually goes wrong is not that the patient gets too little oxygen but that the prescription has…

…a low pre test likelihood in whom a negative test may reduce the estimated likelihood sufficiently to defer further investigation. In patients with established CAD…

…compression Have the patient blow out the clot. The pinch is applied to the lower third of the nose, the soft part , and held continuously…

…Routine gynaecological examination of asymptomatic women has not been shown to improve outcomes and is not part of the screening programme — screening consists of the…

…the pain both at rest and on movement . A patient who is pain free lying still but screams when turned has not finished being titrated…

…routinely . The wax has a protective function, and the commonest complication of ear syringing is that someone syringes an ear that did not need syringing…

…procedure is the wrong treatment : Aortic dissection with haemopericardium — drainage can increase the bleeding and worsen the prognosis. The patient must go to cardiothoracic surgery…

…too costly or invasive to screen a population. The surface ECG is the obvious cheap, standardized, universally available alternative, and it has been mined for…

…according to blood pressure, heart rate, left ventricular function, comorbidities, concomitant medications, potential drug interactions, the presumed mechanism of ischaemia, patient preferences, local availability, and…

…failed to demonstrate clinical benefit in the settings studied. Clinical application and patient populations The evidence for anti inflammatory treatment in coronary disease has principally…

…Anti Inflammatory Signaling: These agents inhibit pro inflammatory pathways (NF κB and MAPK) in vascular smooth muscle cells, reducing cytokines like IL 6 and…

…18% to 52%. They frequently occur in patients with severe coronary artery disease, defined in the source material as stenosis greater than 70%, and are…

…most common risk factor for PH. It produces postcapillary PH through elevation of left atrial and pulmonary venous pressure. In some patients, chronic postcapillary pr

…Most patients with this working diagnosis subsequently develop myocardial necrosis and cardiac troponin elevation, although not every patient with an initial STEMI pattern has myocardial…

…test, exercise stress ECG) Exercise stress testing has been used routinely for over 60 years to evaluate cardiopulmonary function and to diagnose cardiovascular disease. The…

…the patient has symptoms, or the clinical risk is high [1,2]. 1. Perform an ABCDE assessment, attach cardiac monitoring, secure intravenous access and record…

…mg/min and increase in increments of 0.1 mg. Adverse effects Tachycardia. Flushing. Headache. Nausea. Vomiting. Caution Rarely used unless patient has a confirmed…