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Transcutaneous and transvenous pacing

…connected to the patient — the device senses the rhythm through the cable, not through the pads. A pulse oximeter, a blood pressure cuff, and an…

Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction: Types 1–5

…World Heart Federation (WHF) collaborated to redefine MI using a biochemical and clinical approach. This culminated in the Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction Consensus Documents…

Blood transfusion and massive haemorrhage

…patient. Transfusion given solely to reach a laboratory value without a clinical question. A patient who declines blood transfusion. The decision must be documented and…

Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation: Choosing Anticoagulation

…related to the left atrial appendage, although competing mechanisms such as large artery atherosclerosis and small vessel disease may also contribute to stroke in patients…

Cardiovascular Risk in Inflammatory and Autoimmune Disease

…Epidemiology and disease specific patterns Patients with inflammatory rheumatic disease have a higher cardiovascular risk than the general population. This excess risk has been documented…

Acute exacerbation of COPD: quick reference

…hypercapnia and a normal blood gas Usually 94 to 98 percent An individually documented target prescription, for example in chronic hypercapnia Follow the patient's…

Electrical cardioversion

…cardioversion has traditionally been possible without prior anticoagulation. The 2024 ESC guidelines and several Swedish clinical knowledge support documents have tightened the threshold to 24…

Cardiac arrest in hypothermia (accidental hypothermia)

…body temperature to below 35°C. The lowest recorded body temperatures from which patients have been successfully resuscitated are 11.8°C for accidental hypothermia and 4…

Hypoglycaemia: quick reference for emergency management

…10 to 15 minutes and repeat treatment until the patient has recovered. 7. Follow up with a meal or with continued glucose administration adapted to…

Chest Pain in the Emergency Department: Diagnostic Pathways

…and pneumothorax. Non cardiopulmonary causes , including gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and anxiety related disorders. The immediate objective is not simply to establish whether the patient has ACS…

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