…alcohol intake, body weight, male sex and salt intake. Population blood pressure increases in parallel with economic development and industrialization. The increasing prevalence of obesity…

…4. Monitoring at the appropriate level of care , with readiness for respiratory support. 5. Treatment of the alcohol use disorder and planned follow up , not…

…where hypovolaemia is likely, but avoid repeated blind boluses in cardiogenic toxic shock D Plasma glucose immediately. Assess the level of consciousness, the pupils, tone…

…fenestrated drape. Chlorhexidine in alcohol 5 mg/mL. Local anaesthesia: lidocaine 10 mg/mL, 10–20 mL, a 25 G needle for the skin weal…

…determinants of cardiovascular disease. The principal targets include blood pressure, lipid abnormalities, diabetes and glycaemic status, body weight, smoking, diet, physical inactivity, and alcohol consumption…

Endokrinologi & metabolism Akutsjukvård Lathundar Emergency overview Measure the plasma glucose immediately in everyone with a reduced level of consciousness, seizures, confusion, a change in behaviour…

…Always follow the local protocol for exact infusion rates, electrolyte concentrations and level of care. This quick reference is intended primarily for adults and summarises…

…too soft to pass through the skin on its own. Local anaesthesia: lidocaine 10 mg/mL, a millilitre or two intracutaneously and along the needle…

…Symptoms of ischemic heart disease are generally not related to body position or respiration. Triggering factors Symptoms triggered by exercise/effort (what level of exercise…

…perspiration and exhaled breath. Blood alcohol concentration generally peaks 10–60 minutes after ingestion. Elimination follows zero order kinetics at low to moderate concentrations and…

…Dose Injection IV: • 150 μg in 1 ml vial. Dilute with 10 ml of normal saline and give by slow injection over 5 10…

…there is a risk of blood contact. An alcohol or chlorhexidine swab. Let the skin dry completely before inserting the needle — alcohol carried in with…

…cap. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL for local anaesthesia in the awake patient — the anaesthetic also improves the chance of success by counteracting vascular spasm. Pressure…

…consent, current full blood count and coagulation screen, medication list. Chlorhexidine in alcohol, sterile gloves, fenestrated drape, sterile gauze. Local anaesthetic: lidocaine 10 mg/mL…

…probe, a sterile probe cover and sterile gel. Chlorhexidine in alcohol 5 mg/mL for skin disinfection. Allow it to air dry completely before puncture…

…equipment Chlorhexidine in alcohol 5 mg/mL: clean with 3–4 swabs in wide circles and let it dry for a couple of minutes before…

…Continuous ECG, blood pressure and saturation monitoring; a defibrillator to hand. Sterile gown and gloves, chlorhexidine in alcohol 5 mg/mL, a large fenestrated drape…

…reaches the patient. Preparation and equipment Cannulae in several sizes, a tourniquet, chlorhexidine in alcohol 5 mg/mL, gauze, a transparent dressing, an extension set…

…pain relief is a diagnostic finding — and appears to reduce the risk of a post injection flare. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL without adrenaline is used…

…Elderly age ( 65), and Drugs/alcohol. A crucial clinical pitfall is the misapplication of this score. A high HAS BLED score (≥3) indicates a need…

…aminoglycoside toxicity, antiepileptic drugs, alcohol or sedatives Trauma and medication directed workup This corresponds to the principles of TiTrATE, in which Timing, Triggers And Targeted…

…alcohol 5 mg/mL), sterile gloves, fenestrated drape; full sterile attire for therapeutic drainage with an indwelling catheter. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL, 5–10 mL…

…of drinking quality tap water or sodium chloride 9 mg/mL. The volume matters more than the fluid; irrigate under pressure through a 20 mL…

…and supplemental oxygen [1]. Distinguish between: Acidaemia and alkalaemia , which describe the current pH of the blood. Acidosis and alkalosis , which describe processes that lower…

…Classification of office blood pressure Category Systolic Diastolic : : : : : Optimal < 120 and < 80 Normal 120–129 and/or 80–84 High normal 130–139…

…A transfusion set with a filter. Blood components must not be given through a set without a filter. Sodium chloride 9 mg/mL for flushing

…patients, especially when baseline blood pressure is not markedly elevated. These apparent J shaped associations are considered unreliable for guiding treatment because of potential confounding…

…and with a measurement interval of no more than 30 minutes throughout the 24 hours. Phenotype Office blood pressure ABPM : : : Normotension Normal Normal White coat…

…blood pressure and stabilise the patient Immediate assessment 1. Assess airway, breathing, circulation and level of consciousness. 2. Attach ECG, pulse oximetry and repeated blood…

…an integrated assessment of six components: Symptoms Exercise performance (functional capacity, exercise capacity) Heart rate: maximal heart rate, heart rate response Blood pressure reaction ECG…

…of blood flow using PET Quantitative PET perfusion imaging offers precise measurements of myocardial blood flow in milliliters per minute per gram of tissue (mL…

…Reference values for coronary blood flow Normal coronary blood flow at rest: 0.6 to 1.3 mL/min/g of myocardial tissue During hyperemia…

…from blood pressure reduction may also occur in selected people whose pressure is elevated but below the conventional hypertension threshold. The traditional diagnostic threshold of…

Cardiology Emergency medicine Definition and Pathophysiology A hypertensive emergency is severe blood pressure elevation accompanied by acute hypertension mediated target organ damage (HMOD). The European…

…treatment or detection of prescribed medications in blood or urine samples. In patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate below 30 mL/min/1.73…

…PVR = 80 × (mean PA − PCWP) / CO Oxygen delivery (DO₂) = CO × (1.34 × Hb × SaO₂ + 0.003 × PaO₂), normally 950–1150 mL/min Haemodynamic…

…blood regurgitates back from the aorta into the left ventricle. This results in volume overload in the left ventricle during diastole. The hemodynamic consequences of…

…DW, Wickman LL, Swart GL. The hemodynamic and arterial blood gas response to asphyxiation: a canine model of pulseless electrical activity. Resuscitation 1995;30:16975…

…Only a brief summary of the Doppler effect is provided here. The Doppler effect is used to assess the velocity and direction of blood flow…

Procedurer The value of the exercise test lies not in ST depression alone but in the overall picture : exercise capacity, symptoms, blood pressure response, heart…

…5 min to desired blood pressure. Maximum dose: 100 μg/min. Time to onset of action: 2 to 5 minutes Duration of action: 5…

…Effects Potent blood pressure lowering. Antianginal effect. Reduces afterload and preload. Effective in pulmonary edema. Can produce severe hypotension. Time to onset of action 30…

…Indications Hypertensive crisis. Mechanism of action Phentolamine is a non selective alpha adrenergic blocker. Phentolamine reduces blood pressure while increasing catecholamine activity. Effects Primarily causes…

…the heart cannot provide blood flow commensurate with the body’s requirements, or can do so only at the expense of abnormally high filling pressures…

…deliver blood at a rate appropriate to tissue requirements unless filling pressures are elevated. The syndrome is therefore defined by symptoms and signs of congestion…

…clustering of cardiometabolic abnormalities centred on abdominal adiposity, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, elevated blood pressure and impaired glucose regulation. Diagnosis is based on the coexistence of…

…blood pressure despite multidrug treatment rather than through specific symptoms. The clinical importance lies in its association with: Increased cardiovascular disease risk; Greater risk of…

…exposes the lipid core and extracellular matrix to circulating blood. Tissue factor within the plaque and tissue factor bearing microparticles contribute to activation of coagulation…

…of blood flow. However, the Doppler effect can also be used to study myocardial motion. Myocardial motion during systole and diastole alter the frequency of…

…COPD exacerbation apart from many other causes of acute dyspnoea: oxygen must be titrated cautiously and the blood gas determines the need for ventilatory support…

…aphasia, hemianopia or hand paresis in a person of working age Blood pressure Measure initially in both arms if this does not delay reperfusion treatment…

…eGFR of 15–50 mL/min, weight ≤ 60 kg, or concomitant P gp inhibitor Dabigatran 150 mg × 2 110 mg × 2 at age ≥ 80 years…

…Condition Overall strategy Common first choices : : : Acute aortic syndrome Immediate rate control and rapid reduction of the systolic blood pressure towards 100 to 120 mmHg…

…requirement. Obstetric haemorrhage of around 1,500 mL or more with continuing bleeding, or a smaller measured blood loss if there is physiological compromise. Do…

…ABCDE, full vital signs, level of consciousness, and repeated assessment of the circulation and breathing 2 Assess whether the patient has sepsis, septic shock, or…

…The shunt fraction (Qp/Qs) is a critical hemodynamic parameter used to quantify the ratio of pulmonary blood flow (Qp) to systemic blood flow (Qs)…

…metabolite (ester) of enalapril, an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Enalaprilat lowers blood pressure by inhibiting ACE. Effects • The hypotensive effect of enalaprilat depends on…

…beta adrenergic receptor blocker. • Esmolol lowers blood pressure immediately (within 1 minute) • Esmolol may also be used to control supraventricular tachycardia (rate control). • Esmolol may…

…® Indications Short term management of hypertension, including hypertensive emergency. Mechanism of action • Systemic Dopamine 1 (D1) receptor agonist. • Lowers blood pressure while maintaining or…

…dose: 4 6 mg/h. Clevidipine is administered in lipid emulsion (containing soy, egg), of which the maximum dose per 24 hours is 1000 mL…