…in otherwise stable patients. More than 48 hours after onset: routine PCI of an occluded infarct related artery is not recommended in stable, asymptomatic patients…

…not attempt CPR (DNA CPR) describes circumstances and conditions in which CPR should be withheld in order to avoid futile attempts or subjecting the individual…

…of eGFR in clinical laboratories, enhancing consistency in patient care. Non Invasiveness: The calculation relies on readily available clinical parameters, eliminating the need for more…

…beta blockers actually increase chronotropic competency in patients with heart failure, despite their negative chronotropic effect. Among persons who do not suffer from heart failure…

…is inhibited, the resulting accumulation of these peptides irritates afferent neural pathways in the respiratory tract. This process is not dose dependent. Similarly, angioedema occurring…

…age, height and ethnicity — not against absolute figures. Since 2022 the z score with a lower limit of normal at z = −1.64 (the…

…comparable infarct size and mortality to STEMI patients but significantly delayed treatment. While the OMI/NOMI framework is not yet formally incorporated into major clinical…

…particularly in patients with irregular heart rhythms or low blood pressure. Additionally, individual variations in arterial compliance and pulse pressure can affect the accuracy of…

…while low educational attainment contributes materially to overall risk. The population impact of a risk factor depends not only on the relative risk associated with…

…and infarction Definition and Purpose Cardiac rehabilitation is a comprehensive, multidisciplinary secondary prevention intervention for patients with cardiovascular disease, including those recovering from myocardial infarction…

…the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The individual and public health effects of hypertension are devastating. Due to the simplicity of diagnosing hypertension…

…12 mm Hg RAP 0 – 5 mm Hg PVR < 2.0 – 3.0 WU up to 40 mm Hg in older and obese patients…

…In patients with acute decompensated heart failure, AF with rapid ventricular response is particularly important. Cardioversion is generally not immediately indicated if the patient remains…

…before exercise. Patients with unstable angina pectoris with high risk should not undergo exercise stress tests; these patients should be referred to angiography instead. Exercise…

Akutsjukvård Lathundar Basic principle Manage the patient, not the list of poisons. Stabilisation according to ABCDE, the plasma glucose, a blood gas and an ECG…

…individual assessment; in selected cases the patient can be observed without anticoagulation Red flags and pitfalls A normal saturation and a normal ECG do not…

…tightened the former 48 hour rule for patients with risk factors. Check what applies in your own region. The time limit is not a guarantee…

…A neutropenic patient with a suspected infection and organ dysfunction must therefore be managed as neutropenic sepsis even if the temperature criterion is not met…

Procedurer The commonest error in paracentesis is not performing it. Every patient admitted with ascites should undergo a diagnostic paracentesis , because spontaneous bacterial peritonitis often…

…adrenaline or dopamine according to local practice, and does not replace pacing when the patient is markedly unstable. Transcutaneous pacing Equipment A defibrillator with a…

…the severity by the most serious finding. A patient does not have to meet every criterion in a column. Clinical deterioration or a poor response…

…is limited. In a patient with moderate symptoms the physician must judge the likelihood that the symptoms really are caused by the hyponatraemia. With severe…

…must therefore not be based on the haemoglobin alone [3]. The airway Do not intubate every patient routinely before endoscopy. Observational data do not show…

…each time Always, once per patient if no valid result exists Type and screen (BAS test) Blood group confirmation and antibody screening. If the screen…

…Take care in impaired sensation (neuropathy, spinal cord injury) — the patient does not feel the pressure sore. Preparation and equipment Material Comment : : Stockinette Innermost against…

…physicians: recognise hypoactive delirium, stabilise the patient, work systematically through the possible causes, apply several non pharmacological measures at the same time, and use drugs…

…intubation. A difficult airway is anticipated in a stable patient — awake fibreoptic intubation or anaesthetic back up is then the right course, not RSI. Assess…

…patients with low or moderate pre test likelihood of obstructive CAD, CCTA or functional imaging should generally be preferred when available. Exercise ECG is not…

…and myocarditis should not be classified as MINOCA when they are established as the explanation for the presentation. Clinical presentation and symptoms Patients typically present…

…the same time, exacerbation is a clinical syndromic diagnosis, not a sufficient explanation for all acute dyspnoea in a patient with COPD. Pneumonia, heart failure…

…findings are absent in roughly half of patients with a central cause. A normal routine neurological examination is therefore not sufficient to exclude stroke [3…

…minutes respectively. Instruct the patient to stop, keep the arm still and lowered at each measurement, and not to talk. Otherwise ordinary activities, including work…

…in mL/min , not eGFR relative to 1.73 m². Recalculate in patients who are markedly larger or smaller than average. Higher doses may be…

…Raise the chair so that the patient's nose is at your eye level. The patient sits upright and tilts the head forwards , not backwards…

…drugs in the room. Staff with current CPR competence; a physician available. Patient preparation: A light meal is permitted; no large meal, no coffee and…

…since ingestion, and both can harm the patient through aspiration. Contact your national or regional poison control centre before you decide, not afterwards. Indications Medicinal…

…are no absolute contraindications, but refrain or adapt in: The patient does not consent — the examination must then not be carried out. Vaginismus or marked…

…an antihistamine, oxygen, and the ability to lay the patient down. Injection Needle Angle Maximum volume per site : : : : Deltoid, adult 23–25 G, 25 mm…

…that saves the patient — the puncture must never delay it. Indications Suspected meningitis or encephalitis. Suspected subarachnoid haemorrhage with a normal or non diagnostic CT…

…stomach does not empty. Intraoperatively and postoperatively after major abdominal surgery, according to local practice. Enteral nutrition and drug administration when the patient cannot swallow…

…What usually goes wrong is not that the patient gets too little oxygen but that the prescription has no target — the nasal cannula stays in…

…not with force. The methods that work best exploit time, gravity and slow movement; those that fail usually do so because the patient tenses up…

…be given dexamethasone. That is the practical key: the patient does not have to be left unprotected for the test to be interpretable. Procedure 1…

…consciousness. Urgent EEG if the patient does not wake or if ongoing electrographic seizure activity is suspected Benzodiazepines are the established first line treatment. Intravenous…

…hours versus 37 °C, with a non shockable initial rhythm More patients with a good neurological outcome (CPC 1–2) at 90 days, 10.2 …

…What determines whether the treatment is safe is not the starting dose but the system around the patient : that the weekly dose is adjusted in…

…et al 1 ). Representative single beat morphs for a low risk patient (blue) and the corresponding high risk morph (red). Beyond the difference in R…

…generally 55–60 beats per minute. Beta blockers also have prognostic value in selected populations. Their benefit is well supported in patients with heart failure…

…V2 to V3 Greater than or equal to 1.5 mm All patients Other leads Greater than or equal to 1 mm These criteria for…

…adherence, although prospective outcome trials have not directly established that upfront combination therapy is superior to upfront monotherapy for every patient with isolated hypertension. Single…

…HbA1c) reduction, blood pressure, lipids and smoking cessation. Weight loss was considered extremely difficult across patient categories. However, the emergence of incretin based therapies, starting…

…coronary microvascular dysfunction or vasospasm. A normal or non obstructive coronary anatomy does not necessarily exclude an ischaemic mechanism. Clinical assessment and estimation of pre…

…and sickle cell disease. The classification also recognizes vasoreactivity subgroups among patients with idiopathic PAH, including acute responders and non responders. Left heart disease is…

…of secondary hypertension cases. Coarctation of the aorta and renovascular disease are important non endocrine causes, particularly in patients with resistant hypertension. Dietary sodium and…

…Most patients with this working diagnosis subsequently develop myocardial necrosis and cardiac troponin elevation, although not every patient with an initial STEMI pattern has myocardial…

…Patients with a working diagnosis of STEMI should, whenever possible, be transported directly to a hospital with 24/7 PCI capability, bypassing non PCI hospitals…

…heart failure. Routine opening of a persistently occluded infarct related artery in a stable and asymptomatic patient is by contrast not recommended [1,5]. STEMI…

…even though incidence and prognosis vary widely between patient groups and care settings [2]. Practical first actions Do the following in parallel, not sequentially: 1…

…can develop despite a measurable or high blood alcohol concentration, particularly in patients with marked tolerance. The most important measures in severe or complicated withdrawal…

…of objectively demonstrating peripheral arterial disease, and it is needed more often than it is used — not only in claudication, but before every compression treatment…