…is required. Combination therapy should be selected according to the magnitude of additional LDL C lowering needed and the patient’s prior treatment. Inclisiran is…

…The underlying genetic abnormality is yet to be discovered. Diagnosis of this syndrome is based on ECG, family history and clinical presentation. Patients present with…

…women (prevalence 2% to 4%). The condition has been recognized for decades, and it has been regarded as a benign form of ST segment elevation…

…applied to healthy populations or those with acute kidney injury. Influence of Muscle Mass and Diet: Serum creatinine levels, a key component of the MDRD…

…are too good to die is the goal of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Sudden cardiac arrest and death Cardiac arrest is the mechanism of death for…

…to the point: When did the deterioration begin, suddenly or over several days? Which drugs, and how many doses, has the patient taken? Is the…

…intent of performing PCI. The COACT, PEARL and TOMAHAWK trials studied patients with ROSC who did not display ST segment elevations and randomized them to…

…the patient's cheek so that the otoscope moves with the head if it moves. 4. Insert the speculum under vision, to a maximum of…

…occur in patients with preserved LVEF, for whom no practical risk prediction tool currently exists. At the other end, roughly two thirds of ICDs implanted…

…e the risk of atherosclerotic plaque rupture is increased during infections). As noted by Bonow et al, it is also reasonable to believe that patients…

…dose methotrexate did not reduce cardiovascular outcomes, and several other agents, including pexelizumab, losmapimod and darapladib, failed to demonstrate clinical benefit in the settings studied…

…to not disturb the patients' rest. It was believed that the mere presence of physicians and nurses caused harmful stress. Approximately 30% of patients died…

…and carefully without delaying time to treatment. History taking, physical examination, ECG and laboratory tests are the cornerstones of management of patients with chest pain…

…Some patient groups have a two to three fold greater prevalence of asymptomatic atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) than the general population. The evidence for premature…

…which demonstrates that the majority of patients will not survive post resuscitation care. Among those who survive to hospitalization, 50 65% die within 24 hours…

…other biomarkers of myocardial necrosis (infarction) Myocardium can endure 20 to 30 minutes of complete ischemia. After this period the cells die and the cell…

…die within 30 days, compared to the 30 day mortality of STEMI (ST segment elevation infarction) , which is about 6%. Previously, alpha streptococcus was the…

…may cause elevated troponin levels (myocardial cells may die as a result of inflammation). Note two differences regarding the clinical presentation of STEMI and acute

…reducing exposure to established, modifiable determinants of cardiovascular disease. The principal targets include blood pressure, lipid abnormalities, diabetes and glycaemic status, body weight, smoking, diet…

…did not eliminate it. Angiographic restenosis—defined in the source material as follow up diameter stenosis greater than 50%—occurred in 20–30% of patients…

…statement (refer to MacFarlane et al) and in 2016 Patton et al did likewise (refer to Patton et al). Surprisingly, the definition of early repolarization…

…raised by patients. The controversy: How media and bloggers questioned LDL, dietary fat and statins Popular blogs and media reach out to billions of individuals…

…proved that beta blockers prolong life, alleviate symptoms and reduce the risk of hospitalization for patients with heart failure. Several landmark studies followed and proved…

…proved that beta blockers prolong life, alleviate symptoms and reduce the risk of hospitalization for patients with heart failure. Several landmark studies followed and proved…

…compared with 33 of 303 in the control group. In another randomized trial involving 1002 patients with established coronary disease, a Mediterranean diet was associated…

…injury may contribute to vascular dementia, and thromboembolism may affect organs other than the brain. Patients with AF in the setting of ACS have more…

…70% of maximal pulse instead of 85%). Many patients appreciate the exercise test because it offers them an opportunity to evaluate their performance and symptoms…

Akutsjukvård Lathundar Basic principle Manage the patient, not the list of poisons. Stabilisation according to ABCDE, the plasma glucose, a blood gas and an ECG…

…A D dimer must not be used to rule it out The age adjusted D dimer in patients over 50: the threshold becomes age × 10…

…rate in the acute phase: a resting ventricular rate < 110/min is a sufficient initial target in most patients. Doses according to the local…

…Assess whether the patient has sepsis, septic shock, or a need for high dependency or intensive care 3 Take at least two sets of blood…

…to the rectus sheath, and a cell count plus albumin on the sample. Indications Diagnostic paracentesis: Newly detected ascites — always. Every admission of a patient…

…is given as an infusion of isoprenaline, adrenaline or dopamine according to local practice, and does not replace pacing when the patient is markedly unstable…

…the condition is. A patient with a chronic plasma sodium of 112 mmol/L may be relatively unaffected, while a rapid fall from 140 to…

…hepatologi Akutsjukvård Lathundar Immediate orientation Two questions govern the initial management: 1. Is the patient haemodynamically compromised, or are there signs of ongoing major bleeding…

…the wrong blood being given to the wrong patient — a mislabelled tube, or an identity check performed at the nurses' station instead of at the…

…about the symptoms that should make them seek help immediately. Indications An undisplaced or reduced fracture to be treated conservatively. Immobilisation after reduction of a…

…enough to precipitate the condition [1,2]. Delirium is common but often missed. On medical and geriatric wards a substantial proportion of older patients are…

…the two mechanisms that kill patients during airway management , and both are predictable. Indications Inability to protect the airway: reduced level of consciousness, loss of…

…because coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) and functional imaging have higher diagnostic performance. Its most consistent contemporary role is therefore the assessment of functional capacity…

…according to the population and diagnostic criteria. MINOCA accounts for approximately 1–14% of ACS presentations in different series and approximately 5–10% of patients…

…of hypercapnia and a normal blood gas Usually 94 to 98 percent An individually documented target prescription, for example in chronic hypercapnia Follow the patient…

…findings are absent in roughly half of patients with a central cause. A normal routine neurological examination is therefore not sufficient to exclude stroke [3]…

…diary of going to bed, getting up, medication intake, symptoms and any unusual activities. Interpretation A recording is acceptable if at least 70 % of the…

…given to selected patients with an eGFR of 30 40 mL/min for lower urinary tract infection. At an eGFR <30 mL/min the antibacterial…

…Procedure Step 1 — compression Have the patient blow out the clot. The pinch is applied to the lower third of the nose, the soft part …

…for the test to be conclusive. For assessment of function and prognosis, arrhythmia evaluation, known coronary artery disease and evaluation of treatment effect, the medication…

…dose of a substance that binds to charcoal, when it can be given early and the patient has an intact or a protected airway. The…

…For many patients a gynaecological examination is associated with a sense of exposure, and technically correct performance is only half the task. The examination must…

…syringe of the correct size, a sharps bin. For vaccination: adrenaline 1 mg/mL, an antihistamine, oxygen, and the ability to lay the patient down…

…to be measured. Four numbered sample tubes, and a light protected tube if spectrophotometry is to be performed. Procedure 1. Position the patient correctly. The…

…according to local practice. Enteral nutrition and drug administration when the patient cannot swallow safely, for example after a stroke. Sampling of gastric contents and…

…reliably. Conditions in which oxygen is given irrespective of the saturation (see below). Oxygen does not relieve breathlessness in a patient who is not hypoxaemic…

…Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (SFAI), together with the antidotes. Material for immobilisation: a shoulder sling, a dorsal backslab, and a colleague to…

…and are often the very question at issue A patient who needs steroid cover simply to get through the day of the test can therefore…

…the time of seizure onset, or the time the patient was last known to be well. Protect the patient from injury. Do not restrain the…

…set at the fever threshold is always behind. Indications A patient who remains unconscious (with no meaningful response to speech) after the return of spontaneous…

…assessment of bleeding risk and the risk of falls; anaemia and a known gastrointestinal source are investigated before starting. A referral or notification to the…

…should be individualized according to blood pressure, heart rate, left ventricular function, comorbidities, concomitant medications, potential drug interactions, the presumed mechanism of ischaemia, patient preferences…

…mm All patients Other leads Greater than or equal to 1 mm These criteria for the other leads apply in the absence of left ventricular…