…significant majority of these patients exhibit satisfactory neurological function upon discharge. Figure 1 . Expected cardiopulmonary function and alertness in decreasing body temperature according to HOPE…

…4 × (actual weight − ideal weight). Used for aminoglycosides and when estimating creatinine clearance in obese patients. Lean body weight is used for propofol and rocuronium…

…is an uncommon cause of ventricular tachycardia, it is important to be able to differentiate these entities. The older the patient and the more significant…

…The accuracy of QT correction formulas can vary depending on the heart rate and individual patient characteristics. Bazett’s formula has a tendency to overcorrect…

…not backwards. Procedure Step 1 — compression Have the patient blow out the clot. The pinch is applied to the lower third of the nose, the…

…studies of neutropenic patients. In septic shock, or where sepsis is highly likely, antibiotics must be given immediately [3]. This quick reference applies chiefly to…

…wrong blood being given to the wrong patient — a mislabelled tube, or an identity check performed at the nurses' station instead of at the bedside…

…main clinical rule Two questions determine the initial management: 1. Does the patient have severe neurological symptoms that may be due to the hyponatraemia? 2…

…findings are absent in roughly half of patients with a central cause. A normal routine neurological examination is therefore not sufficient to exclude stroke [3]…

Procedurer For many patients a gynaecological examination is associated with a sense of exposure, and technically correct performance is only half the task. The examination…

…precapillary PH, partly because this value has been used in therapeutic studies of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The threshold is not absolute: patient phenotype, risk…

…likelihood of atherosclerotic obstructive CAD. CAC is therefore not merely an incidental imaging finding; it can refine the decision to test and may identify patients…

…of hypercapnia and a normal blood gas Usually 94 to 98 percent An individually documented target prescription, for example in chronic hypercapnia Follow the patient…

…eyelid. Ask the patient to look down. Grasp the eyelashes, press gently downwards on the upper border of the tarsal plate with a cotton bud…

…and the donor care The time from withdrawal of treatment to circulatory arrest Indications An intensive care patient with severe brain injury in whom total…

…often the very question at issue A patient who needs steroid cover simply to get through the day of the test can therefore be given…

…those who did, only a minority had a reduced value — the majority of sudden cardiac deaths occur in patients with preserved LVEF, for whom no…

…to keep the dressing clean with a tracheostomy or copious secretions Subclavian vein Most comfortable for the patient, the most stable dressing, lowest risk of…

…during the days of illness (the patient's sick day rules) Vomiting or diarrhoea, unable to keep tablets down Parenteral hydrocortisone. The patient must have…

…venous measurement [5]. Treatment The awake patient who can swallow safely Give 15 to 20 g of rapid acting carbohydrate orally . Suitable options are: glucose

…value of around 0.9 to 1.0 or higher in an adult trauma patient suggests significant hypovolaemia and an increased transfusion requirement. Pregnancy, medication…

…why, or the patient at risk of carbon dioxide retention is given 15 litres on a reservoir mask and drifts off into a respiratory acidosis…

…may indicate underlying arrhythmias. Age : Younger patients are generally at higher risk of SCD due to the progressive nature of HCM. By combining these factors…

…In stable patients, it is advisable to add therapy with beta blocking agents before full target doses of ACE inhibitors are reached. Medication doses should…

…should be individualized according to the patient, device, procedure, and anticipated electrical environment. Preoperative evaluation Establish the nature and function of the device The following…

…Predisposing factors The likelihood of SAMS increases with higher statin doses and with several patient and treatment related factors: Age older than 80 years Female…

…Some patients have frequent symptomatic episodes, whereas others have brief or asymptomatic episodes that are not detected during routine clinical assessment. The clinical burden of…

…is thus a measure of systolic function. Strain and strain rate Myocardium deforms during systole and diastole. The deformation is due to contraction and relaxation…

…be tailored to the patient's needs. Programming is done through an external device that communicates wirelessly with the pacemaker. A wide range of settings…

…detail. Symptom during exercise stress testing Perceived exertion The patient's perceived exertion is a way of estimating the intensity of the physical activity. It…

…RWT (Relative Weight Thickness), provided that the patient's weight, height and sex are entered. RWT is a measure of the type of hypertrophy. Generally…

…use of gel is recommended. In addition to the gel, it is important to apply some pressure when holding the transducer against the skin. Patients…

… the patient cooperates Intra articular local anaesthesia Lidocaine into the glenohumeral joint in shoulder dislocation, with an effect equivalent to sedation and fewer adverse effects…

…GY. A novel user friendly score (HAS BLED) to assess 1 year risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation: the Euro Heart Survey…

…Whether the patient has persistent or progressive disease suggestive of an advanced phenotype. Particular attention should be paid to potentially reversible causes and associated cardiovascular…

…left ventricular hypertrophy. Among patients with NSTE ACS undergoing angiography, approximately 10% have no critical epicardial stenosis. In some of these patients, microvascular obstruction or…

…principal causes of J waves, namely hypothermia, Brugada syndrome, early repolarization and hypercalcemia. Figure 1. Osborn wave (J wave). These waves occur due to hypothermia…

…could reasonably explain). The probability of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is inversely related to age, such that the younger the patient presenting with hypertrophy, the more likely…

…Due to their clinical presentation, these patients are immediately referred to angiography but no coronary artery occlusion can be identified. Injection of contrast media into…

…patient or by an inexperienced examiner it is unreliable. A single central feature is enough to proceed with urgent investigation , and a normal CT of…

…ears and in the mouth. Nose 1. Ask the patient to blow the nose gently. Clear mucus with suction without pushing the object backwards. 2…

…department [1,3]. Step 1: confirm the blood pressure and stabilise the patient Immediate assessment 1. Assess airway, breathing, circulation and level of consciousness. 2…

…prevents the patient from tolerating compression. Preparation and equipment Equipment: a handheld Doppler probe 5–10 MHz, ultrasound gel, a blood pressure cuff of the…

…cap. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL for local anaesthesia in the awake patient — the anaesthetic also improves the chance of success by counteracting vascular spasm. Pressure…

…fluid responsiveness poorly. Dynamic measures are better: a pulse pressure variation 13% in a ventilated patient in sinus rhythm without spontaneous breathing, passive leg raising…

…lower leg in a patient with peripheral arterial disease or diabetes — the wound may not heal. Over superficial nerves (the lateral aspects of the fingers…

…over the volar nerve. Wait 10 minutes — insufficient waiting time is the commonest reason for the patient finding the procedure painful. Test with a needle…

…1. Connect the patient to the 12 lead ECG as usual and record a resting ECG of the arrhythmia before the electrode is inserted. 2…

…wrong treatment : Aortic dissection with haemopericardium — drainage can increase the bleeding and worsen the prognosis. The patient must go to cardiothoracic surgery. In profound shock…

…VASc predicts the risk of thromboembolism (stroke, TIA, systemic thromboembolism) in the next 12 months and the calculations apply to untreated patients with non valvular…

…syndrome of breathlessness, fatigue and oedema. The underlying mechanisms are not uniform across the HFmrEF population. Some patients have a pathophysiological profile closer to HFrEF…

…patients with LBBB and a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) $< 35%$, the implantation of a defibrillator or a CRT D is indicated to…

…right ventricular impairment to cardiogenic shock. Patients with hypotension, marked low output, or persistent severe symptoms require close monitoring and consideration of invasive haemodynamic assessment…

…except that interventions to reoxygenate the patient is of paramount importance. In cardiac arrest due to asphyxia, the probability of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC…

…be provided to maintain arterial oxygen saturation levels above 95%. Given the young age of these patients and the typically short periods of no flow…

…Coimbra R. Open chest versus closed chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation in trauma patients with signs of life upon hospital arrival: a retrospective multicenter study. Crit Care…

…patients will not survive post resuscitation care. Among those who survive to hospitalization, 50 65% die within 24 hours ( Soar et al ). The causes of…

…infarction Use of ECG in acute coronary syndromes & chest pain patients An ECG must be performed on all patients seeking medical attention due to chest…

…change in a patient not on digoxin treatment 3 Discordant ST T change in a patient on digoxin treatment 1 ECG signs of left atrial…

…For patients with bundle branch blocks, the corresponding figure is 500 ms. It is recommended that the automatic (machine) calculation of the corrected QT interval…