…radiotherapy. In the "can't intubate, can't oxygenate" situation there are no contraindications — a laryngeal mask is inserted even with a full stomach. Preparation…

…slowly over at least a minute; a rapid injection causes nausea and a fall in blood pressure without better analgesia. Flush the cannula before and…

…with an ECG in reality. Books that claim to make it "simple" can provide a quick entry point but fail to delve into the crucial…

…energy requirements and mitigation of reperfusion injury are complementary objectives of initial STEMI management. The principal acute complications fall into two broad categories: Electrical complications…

…heart disease, other medical conditions (pulmonary embolism, bleeding, stroke, etc.) as well as cases where the cause does not fall into the other categories. Trauma…

…Torsades de Pointes in Long QT Syndrome) [1] . Underlying Etiologies The etiology of VT is broadly dichotomized into structural heart disease (SHD) and structurally normal…

…The injury is considered acute if there is a documented rise and/or fall of cTn values. However, myocardial injury alone is an entity in…

…or fall in cTn values. An elevated cTn alone does not establish MI, because myocardial injury may occur without myocardial ischaemia. Non ischaemic myocardial injury…

…and/or fall of high sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs cTn), with at least one value above the 99th percentile upper reference limit (URL) in the…

…marked reduction in cell metabolism and thus prolongs survival. Myocardial stunning starts to normalize within minutes after the hypoxia is relieved. However, full recovery of…

…calcium in the presence of hyperkalaemic ECG changes or arrhythmia. 4. Shift potassium into the cells with insulin and glucose. Add high dose salbutamol in…

…edges are held apart. A wound through the full thickness of the dermis, particularly over joints and in cosmetically sensitive areas. Superficial wounds with well…

…but fail to provide important insights into left ventricular mechanics. Regional differences in contractile function are of utmost importance, particularly in the setting of (confirmed…

…up subcutaneously in a patient with a high BMI, and that the deltoid injection is placed too high — which causes the shoulder injury known as…

…describes a clinical presentation in which the patient has symptoms suggestive of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), biochemical evidence of myocardial injury with corroborating evidence of…

…resorption. Other conditions in which high flow oxygen is given irrespective of the saturation according to international guidelines are decompression sickness and sickle cell crisis…

…nerve block The standard in finger dislocation Procedural sedation Propofol, ketamine or a combination. It requires a fasting history, two people, full monitoring and airway…

…must be activated rapidly and sequentially. Rapid activation is important in order to activate as much myocardium simultaneously as possible; the more myocardium contracting at…

…that 98 out of 100 cases had full recovery. More recent studies has reported mortality rates reaching 4%. ECG in takotsubo cardiomyopathy (broken heart syndrome…

…compression. Infection in the skin overlying the puncture site. Previous pelvic irradiation on the intended side (yields fibrotic, unrepresentative marrow — choose the other side). A…

…workload with a fall in blood pressure is a high risk patient even with normal ST segments, whereas isolated ST depression in a woman with…

…abdominal pain or a rapid deterioration in general condition may be the only signs of infection. Corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive treatments can blunt the febrile…

…fell asleep and got up. Holter ECG and longer rhythm monitoring Indications Palpitations, presyncope or syncope of suspected arrhythmic origin. Assessment of rate control in…

…a missed meal, physical activity and any other precipitating factor. Thresholds The thresholds below are used above all in diabetes. The severity of the symptoms…

…Right sided filling becomes increasingly dependent on the fall in intrathoracic pressure during inspiration. The inspiratory increase in right ventricular volume shifts the interventricular septum…

…value in twenty falls outside them . Order twelve tests in a healthy person and the probability is around 46 % that at least one will fall…

…atria begin to contract again. An unsynchronised shock that happens to fall in the T wave can precipitate ventricular fibrillation, and cardioversion of fibrillation of…

…exercise capacity, an abnormal blood pressure response or ventricular arrhythmias. A fall in systolic blood pressure, particularly when accompanied by evidence of ischaemia, may indicate…

…HEMORR₂HAGES with other bleeding risk assessment tools, notably ATRIA and HAS BLED: HAS BLED Score: In a study evaluating bleeding risk prediction in AF patients…

…myocardial infarction Acute myocardial infarction requires: Acute myocardial injury, demonstrated by a rise and/or fall in cardiac troponin with at least one value above…

…hypertension: normal in the office but raised outside it — associated with the same risk as manifest hypertension. Non dipping: a nocturnal fall in pressure of…

…abrupt changes in blood pressure activate autonomic reflexes that influence the haemodynamic result. Reflex tachycardia is the rule after a rapid fall in blood pressure…

…s triad; complete in a minority Tachycardia, tachypnoea, cold periphery Almost always Pulsus paradoxus above 10 mmHg A fall in systolic blood pressure during inspiration;…

…without persistent ST segment elevation, accompanied by a rise and subsequent fall in cardiac specific troponin attributable to myocardial ischaemia. UA presents with compatible ischaemic…

…tendon. Measure in the same way as on the arm. 4. Posterior tibial artery — behind the medial malleolus. Measure. 5. Repeat on the other leg…

…Contact nephrology early in severe, progressive or diagnostically unclear AKI. Definition and staging according to KDIGO Acute kidney injury is present when at least one…

…not to normalise the plasma sodium. Chronic or minimally symptomatic hyponatraemia must be corrected in a controlled fashion, since too rapid a rise can cause…

…the arms. Orthostatic hypotension: a fall of ≥20 mmHg in SBP and/or ≥10 mmHg in DBP at 1 or 3 minutes after standing, following…

Akutsjukvård Psykiatri Lathundar Delirium in older adults: quick reference A quick reference for ward and on call physicians: recognise hypoactive delirium, stabilise the patient, work…

…are elevated. Consequently, congestion may occur across the full range of left ventricular ejection fraction and may result from systolic dysfunction, diastolic dysfunction, or both…

…cardiovascular risk factor in older adults. It contributes to vascular injury, accelerates atherosclerosis, increases myocardial oxygen demand, and may worsen ischemia in patients with obstructive…

…attack Life threatening attack : : : : Speech Full sentences Cannot complete a sentence in one breath Single words or unable to speak Position and behaviour Can lie…

…syncope, falls, and functional deterioration may have greater consequences in frail patients. Clinical Assessment Frailty and Functional Status Treatment decisions should not be based on…

…them Full bladder Have the patient void, or catheterise, before puncture Pregnancy, previous extensive abdominal surgery Ultrasound guidance; choose a new site if in doubt…

…lavage An unprotected or unsecured airway in a patient with a reduced level of consciousness Gastric lavage Corrosive injury or suspected oesophageal perforation Gastric lavage…

…actual structural injury to the tissues. Manifestations of contusio cordis include: Arrhythmias : Ventricular or supraventricular arrhythmias (bradyarrhythmia or tachyarrhythmia). Atrial or ventricular rupture : In severe…

…together with a full blood count, INR, APTT and fibrinogen. 7. Give tranexamic acid where it is indicated. 8. Proceed in parallel to definitive control…

…4. prevent recurrence and secondary brain injury. The doses in the treatment ladder below follow the Swedish local sequence given in the original article. International…

…NSTEMI and unstable angina. Management begins in parallel with the diagnostic work up. Obtain an interpretable 12 lead ECG within 10 minutes of first medical…

…regulated in Swedish law and practice; the legal framework, the consent model and the time limits differ between countries. The two pathways DBD DCD : : : Full…

…oxygen saturation falls to approximately 60%, leading to unconsciousness. The myocardium responds to hypoxia by downregulating metabolism and thus contractility (a consistent finding in acute…

…greatest in patients with the most severe heart failure. In stable patients, it is advisable to add therapy with beta blocking agents before full target…

…through the pulmonary circulation. Consequently, left ventricular filling falls and cardiac output may become markedly depressed. Right sided filling pressures—including central venous, right atrial…

…lowest ratio across the full cardiac cycle (RFR); no vasodilator. Cutoff ≤ 0.89. No hyperemic agent — faster, cheaper, better tolerated; validated in large 1 year…

…with haemodynamic compromise, whatever the current haemoglobin — haemoglobin falls late in acute haemorrhage and a normal value does not exclude significant blood loss. Massive haemorrhage…

…ischaemic changes CT angiography The standard investigation in acute stroke to identify large vessel occlusion, dissection or other vascular pathology CT perfusion Used with an…

Procedurer What determines the outcome of a central venous catheter insertion is decided before the needle goes in: the choice of site, the use of…

…where possible, other inhaled nicotine products. In cardiovascular medicine, the objective is not merely to reduce cigarette consumption but to achieve complete abstinence from tobacco…

…following recommendations: Administer 100% oxygen at the maximum flow rate . Hypoxia can precipitate cardiac arrest in septic patients; timely oxygenation can potentially prevent circulatory collapse…

…is prolonged after a premature beat). This yields more time to fill the ventricles with blood (increased ventricular filling). Persons with premature beats might perceive…