…commonest source of error is confusing them. CPAP delivers a constant pressure that recruits alveoli and unloads the heart, whereas bilevel NIV delivers pressure support…

…waves are not related to QRS. PP interval is constant, but independent of RR interval, which is also constant. Atria and ventricles are depolarized separately…

Echocardiography Principles of flows and volumes in the heart If the flow in a cylinder is constant, then flow (Q) is the product of the…

…ventricular rate slower than 50 beats per minute. P waves with constant morphology preceding every QRS complex. P wave is positive in limb lead II…

…P wave precedes every QRS complex; the PR interval is constant and the P wave is positive in lead II. Causes of bradyarrhythmia: sinus bradycardia…

…minutes Duration of action 2 to 4 hours Delivery IV Dose Can be given as repeated intravenous bolus injections or as a constant dose infusion…

…P wave precedes every QRS complex; (3) the P wave is positive in lead II and (4) the PR interval is constant. Causes of bradycardia :…

…current (I), voltage (V) and resistance (R) is described by Ohm's law: V = I • R Pacemakers generate a constant voltage (V). The current…

…P wave precedes every QRS complex; (3) the P wave is positive in lead II and (4) the PR interval is constant. Causes of bradycardia :…

…05 (mass total – mass cavity ) LV = left ventricle; 1.05 = mycoardial mass constant. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) A diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy…

…ventricular rate between 50 and 100 beats/min. P wave with constant morphology preceding every QRS complex. The P wave is positive in lead II…

…are reflected . Since the sound waves are sent out in pulses and the velocity in the tissue is constant (1540 m/s), the machine can…

…the law of conservation of energy , which states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant over time; energy can neither be created…

…QRS complexes may be normal or wide. P waves have constant PP interval and ride straight through the strip, without any relation to QRS complexes…

…NSVT) : VT with ≥3 beats and spontaneous termination. Classification according to morphology: Monomorphic VT : VT with constant QRS morphology. Polymorphic VT : VT with beat to…

…SV} = 0.785 \times (\text{RVOT diameter})^2 \times \text{PV VTI} ] The constant ( 0.785 ) ((\pi/4)) converts diameter to cross sectional area…

…NSVT) : VT with ≥3 beats and spontaneous termination. Classification according to morphology: Monomorphic VT : VT with constant QRS morphology. Polymorphic VT : VT with beat to…

…= [c · (f r f e )] / [2 · f u · cos ϴ] The speed of sound (c) in the human body is constant (1540 m/s)…

…AV block II, type 2 Some atrial impulses (P waves) are blocked, but PR interval is constant. Yes. AV block III No atrial impulses reach…

…ventricular rate within the age specific normal interval. P wave with constant morphology preceding every QRS complex. The P wave is positive in lead II…

…is 100 beats/min. Premature ventricular complexes discharged by the same ectopic focus will typically have similar morphology (appearance) and constant timing. Such premature ventricular…

…al). Coronary autoregulation refers to the ability of the coronary arteries to maintain a relatively constant myocardial blood flow despite changes in coronary perfusion pressure…

…reflected from a certain depth. The depth can be determined since the speed of ultrasound is constant in the body. The investigator specifies where the…

…rhythm with ventricular rate 100 beats per minute. P wave with constant morphology preceding every QRS complex. The P wave is positive in lead II…

…image quality is typically high in multiple views. The diameter of the aortic valve is relatively constant during systole; this is important because a representative…

…Figure 3. Axial and lateral resolution of the ultrasound image. Axial resolution is constant along the ultrasound lines. Lateral resolution depends on line density, which…

…begins in parallel with the diagnostic work up. Obtain an interpretable 12 lead ECG within 10 minutes of first medical contact, attach continuous rhythm monitoring…

…examination must be preceded by information about each step, take place with the patient's ongoing consent, and be able to be stopped at any…

…imaging, the blood count or contact with the patient's own clinic delay empirical antibiotics [1]. A practical target: give the first dose of broad…

…Initial diagnosis of STEMI ECG Management Recommendation Level of evidence A 12 lead ECG should be interpreted immediately (within 10 minutes) at first medical contact…

…8. Contact the thrombectomy centre immediately where large vessel occlusion is possible. Do not wait for the definitive radiology report if the clinical picture and…

… the legal framework, the consent model and the time limits differ between countries. The two pathways DBD DCD : : : Full name Donation after death by neurological…

…immobility, poor food intake, reduced eye contact Common and particularly easy to miss. May be misinterpreted as fatigue, depression or dementia Mixed Alternates between hypoactivity…

…instrumental removal: Suspected penetrating injury or an intraocular foreign body — shield the eye with a rigid shield, give systemic antibiotics and contact an ophthalmologist urgently …

…since ingestion, and both can harm the patient through aspiration. Contact your national or regional poison control centre before you decide, not afterwards. Indications Medicinal…

…plasma glucose closely for at least 6 hours after insulin. 7. Contact nephrology early in anuria, in a dialysis patient, in severe acute kidney injury…

…a dialysis fistula. Preparation and equipment Hand disinfection; gloves where there is a risk of blood contact. An alcohol or chlorhexidine swab. Let the skin…

…leader and one person responsible for recording the transfusions, the sampling, the incoming products and contact with the blood bank. 3. Secure large bore access…

…the tympanic membrane — including a history of grommets, ear discharge or pain on contact with water. A history of ear surgery in which the middle…

…a reservoir mask — this markedly shortens the half life of carbon monoxide. Contact your national or regional poison control centre regarding hyperbaric treatment. Cluster headache…

…centre , which in most countries is staffed around the clock for health care professionals. Contact the centre early in serious, unusual or unclear poisoning, with…

…injury. Aim for reduction within a few hours. Contraindications A fracture dislocation requiring operative treatment — contact an orthopaedic surgeon before attempting reduction. Posterior shoulder dislocation…

…anticoagulated and stable An individual assessment Eye, ear, abdominal or thoracic surgery 1 month Neurosurgery or an intracranial aneurysm Contact the responsible specialist An aortic…

…Give a full loading dose of an intravenous antiseizure drug If the seizure continues after adequate step 1 and step 2 Refractory status: contact anaesthesia…

…and can also be seen when the bleeding is slow or has stopped. The first steps Step Content : : 1 ABCDE. Assess the level of consciousness…

…nervous system. Contact your national or regional poison control centre for advice on the treatment threshold and on whether haemodialysis should be considered. Rhabdomyolysis with…

…a straddle injury Relative Recent urethral or prostatic surgery — contact a urologist before attempting Relative A known urethral stricture Relative Acute prostatitis or urethritis Relative…

…term prediction of sudden cardiac arrest. The constraint does not lie in therapy: implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) are highly effective, terminating well over 99% of…

…C, non HDL C and apoB are usually correlated, but discordance may occur when particles differ in cholesterol content or size. In such cases, cardiovascular…

…Dr Rob Mac Sweeney's superb website which is a must for anyone interested in critical care medicine. Content is evidence based, comprehensive and qualitative…

…main principle behind artificial pacemakers; i.e applying an external electrical current that depolarizes cells in contact with the lead tip, and thus generate an…

…a postrenal cause cannot confidently be excluded. 10. Contact nephrology early in severe, progressive or diagnostically unclear AKI. Definition and staging according to KDIGO Acute…

…intravenous access, fluid and early contact with anaesthesia or intensive care Refractory anaphylaxis Persisting airway, respiratory or circulatory compromise despite two adequate intramuscular doses of…

…parallel: mechanical control of bleeding, tranexamic acid where it is not contraindicated, and contact with the on call coagulation service. Send samples for INR, APTT…

…haemorrhage control) planned in advance. A history of a severe transfusion reaction: contact transfusion medicine before transfusing again. Preparation and equipment Compatibility testing Test What…

…necessary. After previous punctures: change side, and avoid irradiated fields. Preparation and equipment Informed consent, current full blood count and coagulation screen, medication list. Chlorhexidine…

…Before puncture: check the coagulation status, give information and obtain consent if the patient is awake, and scan the vessel with ultrasound before you drape…

…fingers, the ulnar groove, the neck of the fibula). The eyelid margins, the cartilage of the nasal tip, the free edge of the pinna. Autoimmune…

…immunosuppression, papilloedema or new focal neurological signs — CT is performed first. Preparation and equipment Informed consent, coagulation status and an up to date medication list…

…output, respiration, chest findings, MAP and the response to every intervention Within 60 min Contact intensive care in shock, rapidly progressive organ dysfunction, respiratory failure…