…ventilations and use of an automatic external defibrillator (AED). BLS courses are provided by certified instructors worldwide. Basic life support (BLS) 1. Safety at the…

…525) In a randomized, double blind study involving 192 patients with cardiogenic shock, researchers compared the effectiveness of milrinone and dobutamine . The primary composite outcome…

…In patients with previous myocardial infarction and residual inflammation, defined by hsCRP ≥2 mg/L, it produced a modest reduction in a composite of cardiovascular…

…support the use of DES in most PCI procedures, including many patients with high bleeding risk, because newer DES provide greater efficacy with acceptable safety…

…and platelets: in ongoing bleeding with coagulopathy, or as part of balanced transfusion in massive haemorrhage. Transfusion thresholds in the stable, non bleeding patient Patient…

…changes), renal function, and potassium should be evaluated within 1 to 2 weeks after initiation of ACE inhibitors, especially in patients with preexisting azotemia, hypotension…

…prognosis in patients with suspected or established coronary artery disease (CAD). It combines echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular (LV) structure and function with exercise or…

…TTE are obtained with the patient in the supine position. In order to obtain the best possible image quality, patient safety and ergonomics for the…

…a new attack and a movement that merely worsens dizziness that is already ongoing . A patient with BPPV is usually relatively free of symptoms between…

…In patients with a very low probability of obstructive CAD, testing may generate false positive results and unnecessary downstream procedures. In patients with a high…

…titrate safely [5]. Availability in Sweden. Several of the drugs in this overview are not routinely marketed in Sweden and may require a named patient…

…negligible, and doses do not require reduction in patients with renal disease; neither amiodarone nor desethylamiodarone is dialyzable. The volume of distribution is large, averaging…

…confirmation of the position that determines whether the tube is safe. A misplaced tube in the airway produces no reliable symptoms in a patient with…

…a false positive. Indications Evaluation of chest pain with an intermediate pre test probability of coronary artery disease. Assessment of exercise capacity and symptoms in…

…be checked with a capillary or venous measurement [5]. Treatment The awake patient who can swallow safely Give 15 to 20 g of rapid acting…

…experience exists for patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment. Contraindicated in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child Pugh Class C). Pediatric population Safety and…

…relaxing vascular smooth muscle. They are contraindicated in patients with bronchospastic lung disease, or a history of significant reactive airway disease. Contraindications also include second…

…success, and maximum fixed energy shocks outperform low escalating energy protocols. Note that while cardioversion restores sinus rhythm in up to 95% of patients, long…

…of stroke and other thromboembolic events. Subclinical cerebral injury may contribute to vascular dementia, and thromboembolism may affect organs other than the brain. Patients with…

…3 days and the patient must not have experienced chest pain during the last 12 hours before exercise. Patients with unstable angina pectoris with high…

…early with the poison control centre and with anaesthesia or intensive care. If intubation is necessary, a high minute ventilation and careful control of the…

…high Stable Yes Raised Admission with monitoring. Be prepared for rescue thrombolysis Intermediate–low Stable One of the two positive Admission Low Stable No Normal…

…not 48. The 2024 ESC guidelines and several Swedish clinical knowledge resources have tightened the former 48 hour rule for patients with risk factors. Check…

…and patients treated with CAR T cells or other advanced immunotherapies may require separate local protocols. Definition Criterion Practical definition : : Fever A single temperature of…

…sheath, and a cell count plus albumin on the sample. Indications Diagnostic paracentesis: Newly detected ascites — always. Every admission of a patient with known ascites…

…Chronotropic support is given as an infusion of isoprenaline, adrenaline or dopamine according to local practice, and does not replace pacing when the patient is…

…PEF or FEV1 if the patient can manage it without delaying treatment. 10. Call anaesthetics and intensive care early with life threatening features or an…

…how acute the condition is. A patient with a chronic plasma sodium of 112 mmol/L may be relatively unaffected, while a rapid fall from…

…the fact that the sickest patients are more often intubated [4]. Intubation is reasonable in: a reduced level of consciousness with inadequate protective reflexes active…

…closed circumferential cast , and the patient must leave with clear information about the symptoms that should make them seek help immediately. Indications An undisplaced or…

…is to ask the patient to recite the months of the year backwards. A normal result does not exclude delirium, however, and an abnormal result…

…kill patients during airway management , and both are predictable. Indications Inability to protect the airway: reduced level of consciousness, loss of pharyngeal reflexes, vomiting with…

…exercise induced arrhythmias Evaluating the blood pressure response Refining risk stratification and prognosis For patients with low or moderate pre test likelihood of obstructive CAD…

…Definition and clinical concept Myocardial infarction with non obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) describes a clinical presentation in which the patient has symptoms suggestive of acute…

…ventilatory support . At the same time, exacerbation is a clinical syndromic diagnosis, not a sufficient explanation for all acute dyspnoea in a patient with COPD…

…symptoms and any unusual activities. Interpretation A recording is acceptable if at least 70 % of the measurements are valid , with at least 20 daytime and…

…course (no more than 7 days) may be given to selected patients with an eGFR of 30 40 mL/min for lower urinary tract infection…

…anterior septum and stop with correctly performed compression. The reason compression nevertheless so often fails is that it is done wrongly: the patient pinches the…

…which the patient reaches hospital early. The benefit of both methods falls steeply with the time since ingestion, and both can harm the patient through…

…not digital examination until the position of the placenta is known. Recent gynaecological surgery. Preparation and equipment An examination couch with leg supports, and good…

…the lower tip of the muscle insertion. 3. Stretch the skin with the thumb and index finger, or compress the muscle in a slim patient…

…and a light protected tube if spectrophotometry is to be performed. Procedure 1. Position the patient correctly. The lateral position with the back towards you…

…one: with an indication, a route of administration and a target range for the saturation . What usually goes wrong is not that the patient gets…

…and the patient resists internal rotation. Check the axillary nerve: sensation over the lateral part of the deltoid before and after the reduction , together with…

…Marked atopic disease, particularly severe asthma and a history of anaphylaxis — a relative contraindication; the test is then performed with preparedness for anaphylaxis. An untreated…

…Prepare airway equipment and contact anaesthesia early with a prolonged seizure, repeated doses of benzodiazepine, aspiration, hypoventilation, circulatory failure or an anticipated need for anaesthesia…

…for sedation, analgesia and control of shivering. Procedure 1. Start temperature management early — within the first hour after ROSC, in parallel with coronary angiography, the…

…what happens when the INR runs away or the patient bleeds. In Sweden the treatment is usually managed from an anticoagulation clinic with dosing support…

…death, and among those who did, only a minority had a reduced value — the majority of sudden cardiac deaths occur in patients with preserved LVEF…

…guideline discussion. By contrast, the benefit of beta blockers in patients with CAD without previous MI and with normal LVEF is uncertain. Similarly, evidence for…

…segment elevations that mimic acute myocardial infarction. Acute pericarditis is a primary differential diagnosis and presents with distinct characteristics compared to transmural ischemia [4, 5]…

…lifestyle and pharmacological treatment should be initiated concurrently. In patients with a confirmed indication for treatment but blood pressure in the range of 120–139…

…lipids and smoking cessation. Weight loss was considered extremely difficult across patient categories. However, the emergence of incretin based therapies, starting with glucagon like peptide…

…studies of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The threshold is not absolute: patient phenotype, risk factors for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, echocardiographic findings, and…

…Coarctation of the aorta and renovascular disease are important non endocrine causes, particularly in patients with resistant hypertension. Dietary sodium and potassium abnormalities and commonly…

…not every patient with an initial STEMI pattern has myocardial infarction as the final diagnosis. The underlying process usually involves acute thrombotic obstruction of an…

…or paramedic support capable of acquiring and transmitting a 12 lead ECG and obtaining medical authorization. Fibrinolysis reduces mortality in patients with STEMI, with the…

…with continuing ischaemia, shock, serious arrhythmia or acute heart failure. Routine opening of a persistently occluded infarct related artery in a stable and asymptomatic patient…

…A patient can thus be stage 3 by urine output despite a less marked rise in creatinine. Limitations of creatinine and urine output Creatinine is…

…or cessation of prolonged and heavy alcohol intake. The condition can develop despite a measurable or high blood alcohol concentration, particularly in patients with marked…