…with the patient fasting or having had a light breakfast according to local practice. Let the patient rest lying down or sitting for at least…

…in AF patients, the HAS BLED score demonstrated superior predictive performance compared to both HEMORR₂HAGES and ATRIA. The HAS BLED score had the highest net…

…The limitation, familiar to every electrophysiologist, is that LVEF is both insensitive and non specific for SCD. Most people who die suddenly never had an…

…of patients discharged with presumed non ischaemic chest pain were subsequently found to have had an infarction. Pathophysiological Considerations The central pathophysiological concern in the…

…during the stressful circumstances surrounding a sudden cardiac arrest, uncertainty may arise with regard to no flow time, low flow time, patient preferences, patient background…

…related to his arrhythmia. His father and uncle, with similar ST segment changes, were diagnosed with atrial fibrillation in their 60s. The father had repeated…

…older patients may need treatment to prevent one adverse cardiovascular outcome, the potential benefit for an individual patient may remain substantial. At the same time…

…from the patient to an oxygenator (gas exchanger), where it undergoes oxygenation and carbon dioxide removal, and then reintroducing the oxygenated blood into the circulation…

…of patients referred to PCI with a suspicion of STE ACS/STEMI, actually have takotsubo. Previous studies reported that 98 out of 100 cases had…

…contributors to maternal, fetal, and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Their incidence has increased in parallel with older maternal age at first childbirth and the rising…

…which at the time was primarily fibrinolysis (Wilner et al.). Their findings revealed that a substantial number of these patients had complete coronary artery occlusions…

…or a prior heart attack and a high risk of developing an atherothrombotic event. Contraindications Hypersensitivity to the active substance or any excipient. Active bleeding…

…Various pharmaceutical agents, including epinephrine—administered to the vast majority of cardiac arrest patients—can induce such pupillary responses. In a comprehensive study by Javaudin…

…to predict major adverse cardiac events (MACE) , including mortality, myocardial infarction, and repeat revascularization. For example, in the SYNTAX trial, patients with high scores had…

…occur early due to the massive ischemia. Complete LMCA occlusion is typically fatal within minutes, hence its designation as the “widow maker.” Patients who survive…

…e the risk of atherosclerotic plaque rupture is increased during infections). As noted by Bonow et al, it is also reasonable to believe that patients…

…Approximately 45% of participants had type 2 diabetes. Over a median follow up of 40.6 months, the time averaged LDL C difference between bempedoic…

…because the pericardium has had time to adapt. Hypotension and muffled heart sounds are important when present but are relatively insensitive findings. Some patients with…

…cerebral injury may contribute to vascular dementia, and thromboembolism may affect organs other than the brain. Patients with AF in the setting of ACS have…

…estimating the extent of ischemia. After revascularization procedures, stress testing is utilized to assess whether there is any residual ischemia or angina pectoris. Patients may…

Akutsjukvård Lathundar Basic principle Manage the patient, not the list of poisons. Stabilisation according to ABCDE, the plasma glucose, a blood gas and an ECG…

…A D dimer must not be used to rule it out The age adjusted D dimer in patients over 50: the threshold becomes age × 10…

…initial target in most patients. Doses according to the local protocol and the Swedish medicines compendium (FASS). Rhythm control: the time limit before cardioversion Duration…

…from the suspected focus, but avoid sampling that delays antibiotics 6 Take a targeted history and examine the patient, with particular attention to the mouth…

…tap. A blood sample at the same time: serum albumin is mandatory in order to be able to calculate the SAAG. The patient lies supine…

…an infusion of isoprenaline, adrenaline or dopamine according to local practice, and does not replace pacing when the patient is markedly unstable. Transcutaneous pacing Equipment…

…to stop breathing. Diminishing wheeze means improvement only if air entry, speech, work of breathing, level of consciousness and PEF improve at the same time…

…questions determine the initial management: 1. Does the patient have severe neurological symptoms that may be due to the hyponatraemia? 2. Is the hyponatraemia acute…

…bleeding, the decision to transfuse must therefore not be based on the haemoglobin alone [3]. The airway Do not intubate every patient routinely before endoscopy…

…is at least equivalent to a liberal one in virtually every group studied. Transfuse one unit at a time and assess the effect clinically and…

…and the patient must leave with clear information about the symptoms that should make them seek help immediately. Indications An undisplaced or reduced fracture to…

…frail older patient an apparently small insult — sleep deprivation, urinary retention or a new sedative drug, for example — may be enough to precipitate the condition…

…contraindications in the emergency situation. Consider alternatives when: Intubation is not consistent with the treatment plan — check any decision to limit treatment when time allows…

…a low pre test likelihood in whom a negative test may reduce the estimated likelihood sufficiently to defer further investigation. In patients with established CAD…

…according to the population and diagnostic criteria. MINOCA accounts for approximately 1–14% of ACS presentations in different series and approximately 5–10% of patients…

…and a normal blood gas Usually 94 to 98 percent An individually documented target prescription, for example in chronic hypercapnia Follow the patient's prescription…

…trained in HINTS, Dix Hallpike and the Epley manoeuvre, since otherwise these examinations are easily applied to the wrong patient or misinterpreted [4]. Trigger or…

…and in a patient who does not tolerate repeated compression (for example marked thrombocytopenia). Set up and instructions Choose the cuff according to arm circumference…

…given to selected patients with an eGFR of 30 40 mL/min for lower urinary tract infection. At an eGFR <30 mL/min the antibacterial…

…Procedure Step 1 — compression Have the patient blow out the clot. The pinch is applied to the lower third of the nose, the soft part …

…symptoms. 4. Blood pressure every second minute and on symptoms. 5. Ask actively about chest pain, breathlessness and leg fatigue; have the patient rate exertion

…after the ingestion of a potentially toxic dose of a substance that binds to charcoal, when it can be given early and the patient has…

…place with the patient's ongoing consent, and be able to be stopped at any moment. A trauma informed approach also improves the technical quality…

…syringe of the correct size, a sharps bin. For vaccination: adrenaline 1 mg/mL, an antihistamine, oxygen, and the ability to lay the patient down…

…and that the tubes go to the right place. In suspected bacterial meningitis it is the time to antibiotics that saves the patient — the puncture…

…Ask the patient to flex the head forward and swallow repeatedly , preferably with sips of water if swallowing is safe. Advance the tube in time…

…reliably. Conditions in which oxygen is given irrespective of the saturation (see below). Oxygen does not relieve breathlessness in a patient who is not hypoxaemic…

…flexed to 90 degrees. The forearm is moved very slowly outwards in the horizontal plane , with pauses each time the patient tenses, until the joint…

…the time of seizure onset, or the time the patient was last known to be well. Protect the patient from injury. Do not restrain the…

…to hypothermia , caution applies in: Ongoing uncontrolled bleeding or marked coagulopathy. Severe sepsis and septic shock. Already marked hypothermia from another cause — warm the patient…

…time each day, usually in the evening so that a dose change can reach the patient the same day the result arrives. 3. Reduce to…

…should be individualized according to blood pressure, heart rate, left ventricular function, comorbidities, concomitant medications, potential drug interactions, the presumed mechanism of ischaemia, patient preferences…

…Women (any age) V2 to V3 Greater than or equal to 1.5 mm All patients Other leads Greater than or equal to 1 mm…

…to upfront monotherapy for every patient with isolated hypertension. Single Pill Combinations Fixed dose, single pill combinations are preferred whenever combination treatment is used. The…

…lipids and smoking cessation. Weight loss was considered extremely difficult across patient categories. However, the emergence of incretin based therapies, starting with glucagon like peptide…

…can refine the decision to test and may identify patients who require preventive therapy even when functional testing is normal. Probability categories The source material…

…classification The clinical classification comprises five groups: Group 1: Pulmonary arterial hypertension Group 2: PH due to left heart disease Group 3: PH due to…

…When to investigate General indications Patients with suggestive signs, symptoms, or medical histories should undergo appropriate screening for secondary hypertension. The initial clinical assessment should…

…or surgical illness. Events may occur at any time, although clustering in the morning within several hours of awakening has been described. Atypical and painless…

…by patient recognition and help seeking, pre hospital assessment and transport, diagnostic and treatment delays, and the time required for the selected treatment to restore…