Info Brugada's algorithm is the most used algorithm for distinguishing ventricular tachycardia (VT) and supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) with wide QRS complex. The algorithm entails…

…For patients with bundle branch blocks, the corresponding figure is 500 ms. The QT interval represents the time between the onset of ventricular depolarization and…

…anterior septum and stop with correctly performed compression. The reason compression nevertheless so often fails is that it is done wrongly: the patient pinches the…

…adults with neutropenia related to cancer treatment. Children, pregnant women, patients after allogeneic stem cell transplantation and patients treated with CAR T cells or other…

…patient. A transfusion set with a filter. Blood components must not be given through a set without a filter. Sodium chloride 9 mg/mL for…

…patient have severe neurological symptoms that may be due to the hyponatraemia? 2. Is the hyponatraemia acute or chronic? Severe symptoms require immediate treatment with…

…patients with a central cause. A normal routine neurological examination is therefore not sufficient to exclude stroke [3]. Step 1: classify by time course and…

Procedurer For many patients a gynaecological examination is associated with a sense of exposure, and technically correct performance is only half the task. The examination…

…recognizes vasoreactivity subgroups among patients with idiopathic PAH, including acute responders and non responders. Left heart disease is the most common risk factor for PH…

…generate false positive results and unnecessary downstream procedures. In patients with a high probability, testing may add little diagnostic value and invasive coronary angiography may…

…and the patient's usual saturation. Previous exacerbations and hospital admissions. Current inhaled treatment and adherence. Opioids, benzodiazepines and other sedating drugs. Thromboembolic risk, for…

…the patient to look down. Grasp the eyelashes, press gently downwards on the upper border of the tarsal plate with a cotton bud, and at…

…element The diagnosis and the donor care The time from withdrawal of treatment to circulatory arrest Indications An intensive care patient with severe brain injury…

…for the test to be interpretable. Procedure 1. Schedule the test in the morning, preferably starting between 08:00 and 09:00 , with the patient…

…and among those who did, only a minority had a reduced value — the majority of sudden cardiac deaths occur in patients with preserved LVEF, for…

…clean with a tracheostomy or copious secretions Subclavian vein Most comfortable for the patient, the most stable dressing, lowest risk of infection and thrombosis with…

…with proximal weakness Red flags and pitfalls Stopping a corticosteroid abruptly after longer term treatment. Not giving a stress dose to a patient with adrenal…

…any other precipitating factor. Thresholds The thresholds below are used above all in diabetes. The severity of the symptoms and the patient's need for…

…initial treatment and the expected continued bleeding matters more than an exact estimate of blood loss [1]. Strong indications for activation Ongoing bleeding with haemodynamic…

…one: with an indication, a route of administration and a target range for the saturation . What usually goes wrong is not that the patient gets…

…ICD) is warranted. The HCM Risk SCD calculator is validated to estimate the 5 year risk of SCD in patients with HCM. What is the…

…symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with a reduced ejection fraction (EF <40%), representing a class I indication. ACE inhibitors have consistently shown benefit for patients with…

…stimulators, and other electronic equipment may also interfere with device function. The clinical consequences depend on the device, the patient's dependence on pacing, the…

…Predisposing factors The likelihood of SAMS increases with higher statin doses and with several patient and treatment related factors: Age older than 80 years Female…

…acute haemodynamic instability requires prompt treatment, with electrical cardioversion preferred. Evaluation and risk assessment The evaluation of a patient with AF who may require anticoagulation…

…output normalized to body surface area. The ultrasound system calculates body surface area using the patient's sex, weight and height. CI = CO / BSA…

…programmed algorithms and settings, which can be tailored to the patient's needs. Programming is done through an external device that communicates wirelessly with the…

…1 . Expected cardiopulmonary function and alertness in decreasing body temperature according to HOPE (Hypothermia Outcome Prediction after Extracorporeal Life Support for Hypothermic Cardiac Arrest Patients)…

…times 10 and the actual heart rate during exercise; so a person's exertion rating provides an estimate of the actual heart rate. For example…

…automatically calculates RWT (Relative Weight Thickness), provided that the patient's weight, height and sex are entered. RWT is a measure of the type of…

…possible image quality, patient safety and ergonomics for the operator, special examination tables are used. These tables are equipped with an opening (cutout), where the…

…exceptions are an obvious recurrent dislocation in a patient with known instability and a low energy mechanism, and a neurovascularly threatened limb in which reduction…

…HEMORR₂HAGES with other bleeding risk assessment tools, notably ATRIA and HAS BLED: HAS BLED Score: In a study evaluating bleeding risk prediction in AF patients…

…treatment. Functional limitation is commonly described using the New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification. The source material specifically frames many pharmacological recommendations for patients with…

…with NSTE ACS undergoing angiography, approximately 10% have no critical epicardial stenosis. In some of these patients, microvascular obstruction or epicardial spasm may account for…

…The condition has been recognized for decades, and it has been regarded as a benign form of ST segment elevation with slurring or notching at…

…the younger the patient presenting with hypertrophy, the more likely a genetic etiology. The genetic mechanisms underlying hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are complicated and some gene variants…

…ventricle. Studies from the US and Japan has estimated that up to 2% of patients referred to PCI with a suspicion of STE ACS/STEMI…

…3. Support the head and lay the patient quickly into the supine position with the head extended approximately 20–30° below the horizontal, maintaining the…

…actively look for another , in the other nostril, in the ears and in the mouth. Nose 1. Ask the patient to blow the nose gently…

…after a few minutes' rest, if the patient's condition allows. 7. With titratable intravenous treatment and an unstable course, an arterial line should be…

…and where needed a photoplethysmograph and a toe cuff. Preparation: The patient must have rested lying down for at least 10 minutes in a room…

…with chlorhexidine in alcohol 5 mg/mL, sterile drape, sterile gloves, mask and cap. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL for local anaesthesia in the awake patient…

…a pulse pressure variation 13% in a ventilated patient in sinus rhythm without spontaneous breathing, passive leg raising with an increase in stroke volume 10%…

…with Raynaud's phenomenon. Preparation and equipment Liquid nitrogen in a flask (−196 °C) and a cryospray gun with interchangeable nozzles, or a cryoprobe for…

…Wait 10 minutes — insufficient waiting time is the commonest reason for the patient finding the procedure painful. Test with a needle tip before you start…

…parallel with the palate and straight backwards , not upwards towards the bridge of the nose. 7. When the tip reaches the pharynx: let the patient…

…the procedure is the wrong treatment : Aortic dissection with haemopericardium — drainage can increase the bleeding and worsen the prognosis. The patient must go to cardiothoracic…

…No treatment High 1 Oral anticoagulation (warfarin or NOAK 1 is considered for male patients with a score of 1 or more. Patient preference and…

…includes both patients with recovering systolic function and those with deterioration from a previously preserved LVEF. This heterogeneity is relevant to treatment selection and prognosis…

…SCD) : In patients with a low ejection fraction, syncope is considered a risk factor for death [15]. For patients with LBBB and a left ventricular…

…Patients with hypotension, marked low output, or persistent severe symptoms require close monitoring and consideration of invasive haemodynamic assessment when precise measurements are needed to…

…is managed according to the standard CPR algorithm, except that interventions to reoxygenate the patient is of paramount importance. In cardiac arrest due to asphyxia…

…adrenaline (epinephrine). In the event of a cardiac arrest in a pregnant patient, immediate consultation with an obstetrician, neonatologist, and anesthesiologist is essential. Figure 1…

…of timely and appropriate interventions. In patients presenting with concurrent sepsis and cardiac arrest, standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) protocols are followed. Moreover, for optimal management…

…from other fields (e.g. sepsis research) or physiological reasoning. Cardiac arrest care is advanced and should preferably only be conducted in specialized centers. Patients…

…in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Importantly, the ECG findings dictate the management of acute coronary syndromes. Hence, an ECG must be performed and interpreted…

…or S V2 ≥30 mm R V5 or R V6 ≥30 mm 3 Discordant ST T change in a patient not on digoxin treatment 3…

…Reference intervals for QTc duration according to Bazett's formula. Note that a QTc interval 480 is always considered pathological. For patients with bundle branch…

…infarction. Among all patients with acute myocardial infarction the prevalence of right and left bundle branch block on arrival ECG is 6% and 7%, respectively…