…is important to be able to differentiate these entities. The older the patient and the more significant the heart disease, the more likely ventricular tachycardia…

…For patients with bundle branch blocks, the corresponding figure is 500 ms. The QT interval represents the time between the onset of ventricular depolarization and…

…anterior septum and stop with correctly performed compression. The reason compression nevertheless so often fails is that it is done wrongly: the patient pinches the…

…adults with neutropenia related to cancer treatment. Children, pregnant women, patients after allogeneic stem cell transplantation and patients treated with CAR T cells or other…

…and platelets: in ongoing bleeding with coagulopathy, or as part of balanced transfusion in massive haemorrhage. Transfusion thresholds in the stable, non bleeding patient Patient…

…patient have severe neurological symptoms that may be due to the hyponatraemia? 2. Is the hyponatraemia acute or chronic? Severe symptoms require immediate treatment with…

…patients with a central cause. A normal routine neurological examination is therefore not sufficient to exclude stroke [3]. Step 1: classify by time course and…

…information about each step, take place with the patient's ongoing consent, and be able to be stopped at any moment. A trauma informed approach…

…mechanisms may coexist, diagnosis and classification must integrate haemodynamics with the patient’s clinical context and the results of all relevant investigations. Haemodynamic definition At…

…generate false positive results and unnecessary downstream procedures. In patients with a high probability, testing may add little diagnostic value and invasive coronary angiography may…

…ventilation. Home oxygen and the patient's usual saturation. Previous exacerbations and hospital admissions. Current inhaled treatment and adherence. Opioids, benzodiazepines and other sedating drugs…

…the patient to look down. Grasp the eyelashes, press gently downwards on the upper border of the tarsal plate with a cotton bud, and at…

…element The diagnosis and the donor care The time from withdrawal of treatment to circulatory arrest Indications An intensive care patient with severe brain injury…

…between 08:00 and 09:00 , with the patient fasting or having had a light breakfast according to local practice. Let the patient rest lying…

…the majority of sudden cardiac deaths occur in patients with preserved LVEF, for whom no practical risk prediction tool currently exists. At the other end…

…and does not interfere with ongoing CPR or airway management, no risk of pneumothorax Highest risk of thrombosis and contamination, immobilises the patient The right…

…with proximal weakness Red flags and pitfalls Stopping a corticosteroid abruptly after longer term treatment. Not giving a stress dose to a patient with adrenal…

…after 10 to 15 minutes and repeat treatment until the patient has recovered. 7. Follow up with a meal or with continued glucose administration adapted…

…in young, pregnant or previously athletic patients. Beta blockade, a pacemaker and autonomic neuropathy can at the same time mask the expected tachycardia. Aids to…

…one: with an indication, a route of administration and a target range for the saturation . What usually goes wrong is not that the patient gets…

…ICD) is warranted. The HCM Risk SCD calculator is validated to estimate the 5 year risk of SCD in patients with HCM. What is the…

…Treatment and Management Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF) There is overwhelming evidence that ACE inhibitors should be used in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients…

…stimulators, and other electronic equipment may also interfere with device function. The clinical consequences depend on the device, the patient's dependence on pacing, the…

…Predisposing factors The likelihood of SAMS increases with higher statin doses and with several patient and treatment related factors: Age older than 80 years Female…

…acute haemodynamic instability requires prompt treatment, with electrical cardioversion preferred. Evaluation and risk assessment The evaluation of a patient with AF who may require anticoagulation…

…output normalized to body surface area. The ultrasound system calculates body surface area using the patient's sex, weight and height. CI = CO / BSA…

…programmed algorithms and settings, which can be tailored to the patient's needs. Programming is done through an external device that communicates wirelessly with the…

…The lowest recorded body temperatures from which patients have been successfully resuscitated are 11.8°C for accidental hypothermia and 4.2°C for medically induced hypothermia…

…detail. Symptom during exercise stress testing Perceived exertion The patient's perceived exertion is a way of estimating the intensity of the physical activity. It…

…automatically calculates RWT (Relative Weight Thickness), provided that the patient's weight, height and sex are entered. RWT is a measure of the type of…

…possible image quality, patient safety and ergonomics for the operator, special examination tables are used. These tables are equipped with an opening (cutout), where the…

…exceptions are an obvious recurrent dislocation in a patient with known instability and a low energy mechanism, and a neurovascularly threatened limb in which reduction…

…HEMORR₂HAGES with other bleeding risk assessment tools, notably ATRIA and HAS BLED: HAS BLED Score: In a study evaluating bleeding risk prediction in AF patients…

…underlying aetiology. Comorbidities that may influence treatment selection and tolerability. Whether the patient has persistent or progressive disease suggestive of an advanced phenotype. Particular attention…

…with rupture, fewer than 5% of such lesions caused a clinical event during 3.4 years of follow up in a prospective study of patients…

…waves) in a patient with early repolarization. Figure 4. Osborn wave (J wave) in a patient with early repolarization. This patient was 31 years old…

…the younger the patient presenting with hypertrophy, the more likely a genetic etiology. The genetic mechanisms underlying hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are complicated and some gene variants…

…ventricle. Studies from the US and Japan has estimated that up to 2% of patients referred to PCI with a suspicion of STE ACS/STEMI…

…3. Support the head and lay the patient quickly into the supine position with the head extended approximately 20–30° below the horizontal, maintaining the…

…in the other nostril, in the ears and in the mouth. Nose 1. Ask the patient to blow the nose gently. Clear mucus with suction…

…after a few minutes' rest, if the patient's condition allows. 7. With titratable intravenous treatment and an unstable course, an arterial line should be…

…the toe instead. Marked pain that prevents the patient from tolerating compression. Preparation and equipment Equipment: a handheld Doppler probe 5–10 MHz, ultrasound gel…

…with chlorhexidine in alcohol 5 mg/mL, sterile drape, sterile gloves, mask and cap. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL for local anaesthesia in the awake patient…

…a pulse pressure variation 13% in a ventilated patient in sinus rhythm without spontaneous breathing, passive leg raising with an increase in stroke volume 10%…

…hypopigmentation. Areas with poor circulation, above all the lower leg in a patient with peripheral arterial disease or diabetes — the wound may not heal. Over…

…the patient finding the procedure painful. Test with a needle tip before you start. Apply the tourniquet only after the block has taken effect, and…

…parallel with the palate and straight backwards , not upwards towards the bridge of the nose. 7. When the tip reaches the pharynx: let the patient…

…the procedure is the wrong treatment : Aortic dissection with haemopericardium — drainage can increase the bleeding and worsen the prognosis. The patient must go to cardiothoracic…

…of CHADS VASc is to identify patients at high risk of stroke, TIA or systemic thromboembolism and initiate treatment with anticoagulants (rarely with antiplatelet agents)…

…includes both patients with recovering systolic function and those with deterioration from a previously preserved LVEF. This heterogeneity is relevant to treatment selection and prognosis…

…lower ejection fractions and higher peak biomarker levels, compared to those without such conduction defects [12]. Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD) : In patients with a low…

…Patients with hypotension, marked low output, or persistent severe symptoms require close monitoring and consideration of invasive haemodynamic assessment when precise measurements are needed to…

…is managed according to the standard CPR algorithm, except that interventions to reoxygenate the patient is of paramount importance. In cardiac arrest due to asphyxia…

…adrenaline (epinephrine). In the event of a cardiac arrest in a pregnant patient, immediate consultation with an obstetrician, neonatologist, and anesthesiologist is essential. Figure 1…

…Elevated lactate is an indicator of tissue hypoperfusion and can guide resuscitative efforts. If the patient presents with hypotension or has a lactate level exceeding…

…from other fields (e.g. sepsis research) or physiological reasoning. Cardiac arrest care is advanced and should preferably only be conducted in specialized centers. Patients…

…in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Importantly, the ECG findings dictate the management of acute coronary syndromes. Hence, an ECG must be performed and interpreted…

…or S V2 ≥30 mm R V5 or R V6 ≥30 mm 3 Discordant ST T change in a patient not on digoxin treatment 3…

…fused with the T wave should be included in the measurement. This may result in an overestimation of the QT interval. If the patient uses…

…infarction. Among all patients with acute myocardial infarction the prevalence of right and left bundle branch block on arrival ECG is 6% and 7%, respectively…