…velocity (v) of the fluid (i.e blood). The volume (V) that passes a specific segment is the product of the flow (Q) and time…

…attempt in the same bone within the past 24 hours — the fluid leaks out through the old hole. Infection or burns over the puncture site…

…clinical syndrome in which the heart cannot provide blood flow commensurate with the body’s requirements, or can do so only at the expense of…

…s or a valve area < 1.0 cm² with a mean gradient ≥ 40 mmHg. Fluid responsiveness Static measures such as the CVP predict fluid…

…answered immediately: 1. Is there obstruction to urine flow? 2. Is the patient hypovolaemic, adequately filled or fluid overloaded? 3. Is there, or is there…

…If the patient presents with hypotension or has a lactate level exceeding 4 mmol/l, commence an intravenous fluid resuscitation using a crystalloid solution at…

…blood flow and the concentration of filtered substances along the nephron as water is reabsorbed. Nephrotoxic injury may involve the tubules, interstitium, renal vasculature or…

…administration of 1 g intravenous tranexamic acid is recommended. In circumstances of hypotension and hemorrhage, it is imperative to administer appropriate fluid or erythrocyte boluses…

…Comment : : : MAP ≥ 65 mmHg 80–85 mmHg in chronic hypertension or when there are signs of inadequate perfusion Urine output 0.5 mL/kg/h…

…techniques should be pursued. Heated intravenous fluids (crystalloids). Heated and moistened oxygen. Warm covers. Heat fan. Remove any cold or damp textiles. Administer cardiopulmonary resuscitation…

…Na+), potassium (K+), and calcium (Ca2+). These ions flow across cell membranes, enabling depolarization and repolarization, and between cells via gap junctions, facilitating the propagation…

…flow) will alter the characteristics of ultrasound waves (e.g. frequency) . This is actually exploited to calculate the direction and speed of tissue and fluid…

…gap junctions (Figure 1) . Gap junctions are protein channels that connect the cell membranes of adjacent cells and enable the flow of ions between cells…

…rim of fluid is widest and lies most superficially, where the distance from the skin is shortest, and where no liver, lung or vessel lies…

…Procedure 1. Examine the joint, locate the effusion and mark the puncture site with a pen or an indentation from a fingernail before cleaning the…

…and salicylate concentration in poisoning. Procedure 1. Contact your national or regional poison control centre in poisoning before treatment is started. They give current advice…

…together with the clinical picture, medication, fluid balance, renal function, electrolytes and supplemental oxygen [1]. Distinguish between: Acidaemia and alkalaemia , which describe the current pH…

…and instead presents as encephalopathy, renal failure or simply deterioration. The procedure itself is straightforward: ultrasound to find the fluid, an insertion site in the…

…s acetate for hypotension or hypoperfusion, usually 500 mL as a rapid bolus, and a smaller bolus where the risk of fluid overload is high…

…and an absent or markedly reduced y descent. The clinical impact depends not only on effusion volume but also on the rate of fluid accumulation…

…tamponade is seen in Video 1 . Video 1. Cardiac tamponade. The heart is surrounded by fluid (black) and swings back and forth in the fluid…

…1). The pericardial sac encloses the pericardial cavity which contains pericardial fluid. Numerous conditions may cause inflammation in the pericardium, the pericardial cavity and/or…

…the abscess as a hypoechoic or heterogeneous area whose contents move under pressure; cellulitis instead gives a diffuse oedematous picture without a demarcated fluid collection…

…aortic balloon pump. Assessment of stroke volume variation as part of fluid management. Contraindications Infection, burn or trauma over the insertion site. Insufficient collateral circulation…

…apply to the anti inflammatory effect. They say nothing about the mineralocorticoid effect or about suppression of the HPA axis, where a long half life…

…irrigate and never instil fluid onto a battery — the moisture drives the reaction. The battery must come out immediately, with a hook, forceps or suction…

…sodium. Chronic or minimally symptomatic hyponatraemia must be corrected in a controlled fashion, since too rapid a rise can cause osmotic demyelination syndrome [1,2]…

…1. Scan in the position in which the patient is to be punctured. Identify the diaphragm, the liver or spleen, the lung and the fluid…

…For many poisonings, well delivered supportive treatment matters more than the antidote [1,2]. Telephone your national or regional poison control centre , which in most…

…management may be considered The sPESI (simplified Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index) gives 1 point each for age 80 years, cancer, chronic cardiac or pulmonary disease…

…with diuretics (risk of fluid retention and impaired kidney function). Patients with bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hay fever, or nasal polyps (increased risk…

…be evaluated within 1 to 2 weeks after initiation of ACE inhibitors, especially in patients with preexisting azotemia, hypotension, hyponatremia, diabetes mellitus, or in those…

…approximately 5% alcohol, 5 fluid ounces of wine containing approximately 12% alcohol, or 1.5 fluid ounces of 40% distilled spirits. Habitual heavy consumption is…

…In the vast majority of these cases, the tamponade develops acutely or subacutely. It is uncommon for chronic pericardial effusions to cause sudden cardiac arrest…

…may be general (circumferential) or localized to a specific area. The effusion itself may consist of serous fluid (transudate), protein rich fluid (exudate) to pure…

…airway, breathing or circulation. Skin symptoms may be absent, and circulatory shock does not have to be present for the condition to be serious [1]…

…mg IV, a further 50 mg 1 mg/kg Magnesium 2 g (8 mmol) IV in torsades or hypomagnesaemia 25–50 mg/kg, maximum 2…

…calibrated. Working venous access, fluid and a vasopressor drawn up — push dose noradrenaline or phenylephrine must be ready before induction , not looked for afterwards. Monitoring…

…an applanation tonometer on the slit lamp, or a hand held device (iCare, Tono Pen). Procedure Systematic examination 1. Visual acuity in each eye separately…

…of a highly toxic substance, where the patient arrives within about 1 hour (a liquid preparation) or 2 hours (tablets). With very large quantities of…

…minutes 8 Give oxygen, fluid and a vasopressor according to the sepsis pathway when needed 9 Contact the haematologist or oncologist. Contact an infectious diseases…

…light reflex → the handle and short process of the malleus → the pars flaccida → signs of fluid (a level, bubbles, retraction or bulging)…

…loss, plasma and red cells are lost simultaneously, which means the haemoglobin can be normal before fluid has redistributed or been given. In massive bleeding…

…plain films. Irrigation fluid: a copious volume of drinking quality tap water or sodium chloride 9 mg/mL. The volume matters more than the fluid;…

…muscle, and bone mass. It does not indicate the types or distribution of body fat. It may not be accurate for all populations, particularly at…

…involving the origin, course, distribution, or termination of the coronary arteries. They include anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery (AAOCA), coronary fistulae, and myocardial…

…intravenous or intraosseous fluid bolus, beginning with 500 ml of normal saline over 5 10 minutes, adjusting based on response. If hypotension persists despite fluid…

…metal, or tissue and fluids in the human body. Sound waves arise when a sound source generates mechanical vibrations in the particles of the medium…

…Ultrasound waves are emitted rapidly from the transducer. These sound waves travel through tissues and fluids. Some of the sound waves are reflected back to…

…As above but with lower temperatures. Electrolyte replacement. Large infusions of fluids are typically needed. Table 1. Grading of hyperthermia. Body temperature should decrease at…

…Central venous administration of adenosine is suitable in the intensive care unit or coronary care unit. Adenosine injection must be administered quickly (1 2 seconds)…