…The longer a joint remains dislocated, the harder the reduction becomes and the greater the risk of chondral and neurovascular injury. Aim for reduction within…

…others have brief or asymptomatic episodes that are not detected during routine clinical assessment. The clinical burden of AF does not reliably predict stroke risk…

…be documented before referral to an arrhythmia unit. Assessment of the effect of adenosine, which can be given during the recording and unmask the atrial…

…of a post injection flare. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL without adrenaline is used; larger volumes are needed subacromially and trochanterically to distribute the dose within…

…age and the presence of concomitant risk factors. In contrast, patients with confirmed hypertension generally require BP lowering treatment without additional risk stratification for that…

…with inflammatory rheumatic disease have a higher cardiovascular risk than the general population. This excess risk has been documented across a broad range of conditions…

…This culminated in the Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction Consensus Documents, with the Fourth Universal Definition published in 2018. A fundamental prerequisite for diagnosing any…

…depends on functional assessment. Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) is characterized invasively by reduced CFR and increased microvascular resistance, measured by the index of microcirculatory resistance…

…the patient's coldness can mimic post mortem conditions. Therefore, a meticulous assessment of vital signs is crucial. Exceptionally high survival rates have been documented…

…Document the ceiling of care and the decision on intubation early. Initial assessment Confirm that the presentation fits an exacerbation A COPD exacerbation is an…

…The decision must be documented and alternatives (iron, tranexamic acid, cell salvage, haemorrhage control) planned in advance. A history of a severe transfusion reaction: contact…

…retention for the latter. The treatment is also time limited by its very nature: a patient who has not responded within a couple of hours…

…period, for example after poisoning, since this is not compatible with a DCD process. The assessment of medical suitability is made by the transplant team…

…is then reserved for patients with a CHA₂DS₂ VA score of 0–1. Check what applies in your own region. Duration above the threshold or…

…always part of the initial stroke assessment [1]. Treat immediately when there are symptoms and a low glucose. Do not wait for the venous laboratory…

…wait for a complete work up of the cause or for imaging. 6. Document the starting time, the baseline plasma sodium, the target for the…

…before the dose. A plan for stopping must be documented when the drug is started. Sources WHO guidelines on the pharmacological management of pain. The…

…is given as an infusion of isoprenaline, adrenaline or dopamine according to local practice, and does not replace pacing when the patient is markedly unstable…

…ischaemia for approximately 4–6 hours, making ALI a medical emergency in which prompt recognition, specialist assessment and restoration of perfusion are essential. The abrupt…

…Quality of the discomfort. Location and radiation. Onset and temporal pattern. Duration and recurrence. Provoking and relieving factors. Associated symptoms. Similarity to previous documented angina…

…to patients with symptoms. Current guidance supports revascularisation for significant left main stenosis irrespective of symptomatic status or the documented ischaemic burden. In chronic coronary…

…trajectory of symptoms should be documented carefully, because these features determine whether the presentation is stable or acutely unstable. Evaluation and Physical Examination Initial assessment…

…2003): Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. In Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography…

…is to measure and document the visual acuity before anything else is done. The second most important is to look for signs of perforation — Seidel…

…months and the calculations apply to untreated patients with non valvular atrial fibrillation ( Table 1 ). CHADS VASc Score Risk of ischemic stroke Risk för stroke…

…For details, refer to the chapter QT Duration and Corrected QT Interval. QTc Calculator Heart Rate QT Interval (in msec) Calculate QTc Values $(document…

…angiography or pathology. The Academic Research Consortium framework additionally distinguishes definite, probable, and possible stent thrombosis for clinical research and outcome assessment. Predisposing factors Domain…

…in the absence of contraindications, followed by direct transfer to a PCI centre [1,5]. Situation Practical target : : ECG after first medical contact Within 10…

…Document weight, agent, dose, time of the bolus and the blood pressure before administration. 12. Prepare for the monitoring and management of intracranial haemorrhage and…

…when the patient fell asleep and got up. Holter ECG and longer rhythm monitoring Indications Palpitations, presyncope or syncope of suspected arrhythmic origin. Assessment of…

…a rapid targeted assessment is made. If the suspicion persists, antibiotics must be given within three hours. The evidence for an absolute one hour requirement…

…recommended. Warfarin after individual assessment Rule of thumb for the monitoring interval: eGFR divided by 10 gives the number of months until the next check…

…and more heat production — a risk of burns Document the distal neurovascular status before casting : sensation, motor function, pulses and capillary refill. Check the skin…

…included in the freeze. Contraindications Absolute: Suspected melanoma or any other pigmented lesion of uncertain diagnosis. A lesion in which histology is needed for management…

…for several concurrent causes. In older patients delirium is often multifactorial. 7. Start non pharmacological treatment immediately , in parallel with the investigation. 8. Document the…

…1. Check the indication and contraindications, attach ECG monitoring and insert a venous cannula. 2. Document the baseline status of the chosen finding — measurement, photograph…

…needed for the test to be conclusive. For assessment of function and prognosis, arrhythmia evaluation, known coronary artery disease and evaluation of treatment effect, the…

…Document what has been changed, who is following it up and when. Sources American Diabetes Association, Standards of Care in Diabetes: diabetes care in the…

…of broad spectrum antibiotics within 60 minutes of triage or arrival. This is supported by international guidelines on neutropenic fever [2]. The direct evidence for…

…for laboratory results, CT or EEG before the first dose of benzodiazepine is given. Airway, breathing and circulation Perform an ABCDE assessment and document the…

…equipment Assess and document before the local anaesthetic : distal sensation, motor function, capillary refill and pulse, and active movement of every tendon crossing the wound…

…ECG criteria for early repolarization According to MacFarlane et al (JACC, 2015). Early repolarization is present if all of the following criteria are met (illustrated…

…plasma levels of catecholamines. References A recent consensus document has been issued by the European Society for Cardiology: Lyon et al: Current state of knowledge…