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Reduction of dislocations

…The longer a joint remains dislocated, the harder the reduction becomes and the greater the risk of chondral and neurovascular injury. Aim for reduction within…

Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation: Choosing Anticoagulation

…others have brief or asymptomatic episodes that are not detected during routine clinical assessment. The clinical burden of AF does not reliably predict stroke risk…

Oesophageal ECG

…be documented before referral to an arrhythmia unit. Assessment of the effect of adenosine, which can be given during the recording and unmask the atrial…

Soft tissue corticosteroid injection

…of a post injection flare. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL without adrenaline is used; larger volumes are needed subacromially and trochanterically to distribute the dose within…

Cardiovascular Risk Assessment with SCORE2 and SCORE2-OP

…age and the presence of concomitant risk factors. In contrast, patients with confirmed hypertension generally require BP lowering treatment without additional risk stratification for that…

Cardiovascular Risk in Inflammatory and Autoimmune Disease

…with inflammatory rheumatic disease have a higher cardiovascular risk than the general population. This excess risk has been documented across a broad range of conditions…

Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction: Types 1–5

…This culminated in the Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction Consensus Documents, with the Fourth Universal Definition published in 2018. A fundamental prerequisite for diagnosing any…

Microvascular Angina and INOCA: Diagnosis with CFR and IMR

…depends on functional assessment. Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) is characterized invasively by reduced CFR and increased microvascular resistance, measured by the index of microcirculatory resistance…

Cardiac arrest in hypothermia (accidental hypothermia)

…the patient's coldness can mimic post mortem conditions. Therefore, a meticulous assessment of vital signs is crucial. Exceptionally high survival rates have been documented…

Acute exacerbation of COPD: quick reference

…Document the ceiling of care and the decision on intubation early. Initial assessment Confirm that the presentation fits an exacerbation A COPD exacerbation is an…

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