…are distinguished by the history and the speed of the course. An AST/ALT ratio 2 with moderately raised values suggests alcohol related liver disease…

…Active gastric or duodenal ulcers. Liver cirrhosis. Severe heart failure. Doses 100 mg/day during the third trimester of pregnancy. Dosage Acute myocardial infarction: Initial…

…sample. Indications Diagnostic paracentesis: Newly detected ascites — always. Every admission of a patient with known ascites. Clinical deterioration in a cirrhotic patient with ascites: fever…

…4. Monitoring at the appropriate level of care , with readiness for respiratory support. 5. Treatment of the alcohol use disorder and planned follow up , not…

…The following cardiomyopathies lead to dilation of the ventricle: Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) Idiopathic or genetic . Ischemic cardiomyopathy Alcoholic cardiomyopathy Diabetic cardiomyopathy Takotsubo cardiomyopathy Tachycardia induced…

…cardiovascular implications of lower alcohol intake remain controversial. Epidemiological studies have often described a J shaped association between consumption and cardiovascular outcomes, with apparently lower…

Endokrinologi & metabolism Akutsjukvård Lathundar Emergency overview Measure the plasma glucose immediately in everyone with a reduced level of consciousness, seizures, confusion, a change in behaviour…

…into an arm with a dialysis fistula. Preparation and equipment Hand disinfection; gloves where there is a risk of blood contact. An alcohol or chlorhexidine…

…equipment Chlorhexidine in alcohol 5 mg/mL: clean with 3–4 swabs in wide circles and let it dry for a couple of minutes before…

…et al. Bleeding risk in ‘real world’ patients with atrial fibrillation: comparison of two established bleeding prediction schemes in a nationwide cohort. J Thromb Haemost…

…g in 1 ml vial. Dilute with 10 ml of normal saline and give by slow injection over 5 10 minutes. Dilute immediately before use…

…INR (International Normalized Ratio) E lderly (age 65 years) D rugs/alcohol concomitantly Each component is assigned 1 point, with a maximum score of 9…

…this risk. The ASCVD implications of chylomicronaemia itself remain uncertain, whereas moderate HTG, approximately 150–500 mg/dL, is associated with increased ASCVD risk. Management…

…toxins (alcohol, cocaine, cancer therapies), or physical reactions (radiation therapy), frequently involves the conduction system. In these conditions, involvement of the AVN and the conduction…

…risk factors or an elevated estimated risk. It combines lifestyle intervention with treatment of risk factors when indicated. Risk estimation is particularly important when deciding…

…objective is prevention of thromboembolic complications, particularly stroke. In untreated AF, stroke risk is increased approximately five fold, and AF is associated with roughly one…

…thyrotoxicosis), alcohol overdose, thoracic surgery, acute myocardial infarction, pericarditis/myocarditis or pulmonary embolism is often a reversible arrhythmia with low risk of recurrence. Atrial fibrillation…

…pharmacological substances (alcohol, amphetamine, coffee, anticholinergic drugs, beta adrenergic agonists). In all of these conditions, sinus tachycardia is merely an expression of an underlying disease…

…most important dangerous differential diagnosis. Clear focal neurological findings are absent in roughly half of patients with a central cause. A normal routine neurological examination…

…Choice of vessel The radial artery is the first choice : superficial, easy to compress, with a dual collateral supply to the hand through the palmar…

…Chlorhexidine in alcohol, sterile gloves, fenestrated drape, sterile gauze. Local anaesthetic: lidocaine 10 mg/mL, usually 5–10 mL, with a longer needle so that…

…low risk of pneumothorax Uncomfortable for an awake patient, harder to keep the dressing clean with a tracheostomy or copious secretions Subclavian vein Most comfortable…

…Mixed picture of DKA and HHS Overlap is common. Treat as mixed DKA and HHS if the patient has marked hyperosmolality together with significant ketosis…

…Gastric lavage An unprotected or unsecured airway in a patient with a reduced level of consciousness Gastric lavage Corrosive injury or suspected oesophageal perforation Gastric…

…During mechanical ventilation, in coagulopathy, or with a history of gastrointestinal bleeding Refeeding syndrome There is a risk in starvation, alcoholism, anorexia nervosa, or more…

…in haematological malignancy. Investigation of dementia with biomarkers (amyloid, tau, phospho tau). Measurement of the opening pressure in suspected idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Therapeutic drainage in…

…are left behind — which is the commonest cause of recurrence. Indications Condition Procedure : : Acute paronychia with fluctuance or visible pus Incision and drainage Acute paronychia…

…variation in mitral and tricuspid inflow The echocardiographic counterpart of pulsus paradoxus Contraindications In overt tamponade with shock there are no absolute contraindications other than…

…is flexed. The dorsum of the hand is suitable for finer cannulae. Avoid the lower limb in adults. In shock with collapsed vessels, the antecubital…

…the liver or spleen, the lung and the fluid level. 2. Choose a point with at least 15 mm depth of fluid throughout the respiratory…

…Assess ventilation, airway protection, the expected course and the possibility of rapid reversal with an antidote. Intubation is recommended for neurological, respiratory or haemodynamic failure…

…nerves of the forearm and the dorsum of the hand. Preparation and equipment Chlorhexidine in alcohol or an iodine solution. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL with…

Procedurer A corticosteroid injection into soft tissue gives rapid but time limited pain relief and rarely alters the natural history of the disease. In lateral…

…apart. A wound through the full thickness of the dermis, particularly over joints and in cosmetically sensitive areas. Superficial wounds with well apposed edges, abrasions…

…Abnormal renal/liver function, Stroke history, Bleeding history, Labile INRs, Elderly age ( 65), and Drugs/alcohol. A crucial clinical pitfall is the misapplication of this…

…excludes myocardial ischemia as the cause of the pain. Refer to The ischemic cascade for details. History taking in patients with chest pain (chest discomfort…

…Note: activated charcoal is ineffective against alcohols, lithium, and heavy metals. Enhance elimination Induce diuresis through urine alkalinization, contingent upon renal elimination of the toxicant…

…from the Swedish Cardiac Arrest Registry, which has recorded causes of cardiac arrest with a separate category for cardiac etiologies. Cause Definition Medical cause Includes…

…alcohol intake, body weight, male sex and salt intake. Population blood pressure increases in parallel with economic development and industrialization. The increasing prevalence of obesity…