…age 65, and concomitant drug/alcohol use. Some studies suggest HAS BLED has comparable or slightly superior predictive capability for major bleeding compared to ATRIA…

…INR), older age, drugs predisposing to bleeding and alcohol use. A high bleeding risk score should prompt correction of modifiable risk factors and closer surveillance…

…Initial loading dose: 300–500 mg as soon as possible after symptom onset. Prophylaxis against cardiovascular complications (after acute myocardial infarction, unstable coronary artery disease…

…Moreover, the HAS BLED score has been found to be predictive of intracranial hemorrhage, which is considered the most devastating complication related to anticoagulation use.

…AVRT (pre excitation, WPW syndrome) being the most common. Atrial fibrillation with onset during hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis), alcohol overdose, thoracic surgery, acute myocardial infarction, pericarditis/myocarditis…

…with readiness for respiratory support. 5. Treatment of the alcohol use disorder and planned follow up , not merely detoxification. Benzodiazepines reduce the severity of withdrawal…

…synthesis Electrical channelopathies Oxidative stress Cellular apoptosis and necrosis Progressive structural remodelling Alcohol associated hypertension and atherosclerotic coronary disease In patients with heavy alcohol use…

…is decided before the needle goes in: the choice of site, the use of ultrasound throughout the puncture, and maintaining maximal barrier precautions without shortcuts…

…osteoarthritis related joint disease. Contraindications Infection of the skin or soft tissues over the puncture site — use another approach or refrain. Bacteraemia without suspicion of…

…Withdraw slowly. • Simultaneous use of tricyclic antidepressants reduces the effect of clonidine. • Clonidine increases the CNS depressive effects of alcohol and sedatives. Clonidine doses and…

… use sparingly Prepatellar and olecranon bursitis The bursa Exclude septic bursitis first Injection is considered when 4–6 weeks of adequate conservative treatment — modification of…

…or an exact assessment of oxygenation requires it [3]. Calculation of osmolality Use the same formula throughout treatment: Effective osmolality, tonicity: 2 × plasma sodium + plasma…

…Informed consent, coagulation status and an up to date medication list. A sterile fenestrated drape, chlorhexidine in alcohol, sterile gloves, a face mask. An atraumatic…

…proximal fold over the base of the plate. Preparation and equipment Chlorhexidine in alcohol or an iodine solution. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL without adrenaline for…

…to those who are experienced. Size Colour Approximate flow Typical use : : : : 14 G Orange 250–300 mL/min Massive haemorrhage, rapid volume replacement 16 G…

…pattern Pattern Predominant Consider : : : Hepatocellular ALT and AST ↑↑, ALP normal Viral hepatitis, drugs, alcohol, autoimmune hepatitis, ischaemic hepatitis, steatohepatitis Cholestatic ALP and GGT ↑↑…

…8. Identify drugs, renal failure, alcohol, a missed meal, physical activity and any other precipitating factor. Thresholds The thresholds below are used above all in…

…blood contact. An alcohol or chlorhexidine swab. Let the skin dry completely before inserting the needle — alcohol carried in with the needle stings. Needles of…

…Recognised causes include: Diabetes and insulin resistance Thyroid disease Kidney disease Excessive alcohol consumption Diets high in carbohydrate or fat Glucocorticoids Beta blockers Oestrogen therapy…

…myocarditis, sarcoidosis, rheumatic heart disease, connective tissue disease, eosinophilic myocarditis), toxins (alcohol, cocaine, cancer therapies), or physical reactions (radiation therapy), frequently involves the conduction system…

…status, body weight, smoking, diet, physical inactivity, and alcohol consumption. Additional considerations include psychosocial stress, obstructive sleep apnoea, social determinants of health, air pollution, family…

…anemia, myocardial ischemia/infarction, pulmonary embolism, pheochromocytoma, hyperthyroidism, hypovolemia, pharmacological substances (alcohol, amphetamine, coffee, anticholinergic drugs, beta adrenergic agonists). In all of these conditions, sinus…

…aminoglycoside toxicity, antiepileptic drugs, alcohol or sedatives Trauma and medication directed workup This corresponds to the principles of TiTrATE, in which Timing, Triggers And Targeted…

…assess the collateral circulation, but the test does not reliably predict ischaemic complications and should not decide the matter on its own. Practice differs between…

…fields. Preparation and equipment Informed consent, current full blood count and coagulation screen, medication list. Chlorhexidine in alcohol, sterile gloves, fenestrated drape, sterile gauze. Local…

…insertion site Change the puncture site Preparation and equipment Ultrasound with a curved array probe. Sterile preparation (chlorhexidine in alcohol 5 mg/mL), sterile gloves…

… a defibrillator to hand. Sterile gown and gloves, chlorhexidine in alcohol 5 mg/mL, a large fenestrated drape. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL for local anaesthesia…

Procedurer Almost all the complications of pleural aspiration arise from two errors: the needle is placed in the wrong site, and too much is drained…

…time, and whether the intake was single or repeated a modified release preparation or a combination product concurrent drugs, alcohol and illicit substances weight, age…

…the forearm and the dorsum of the hand. Preparation and equipment Chlorhexidine in alcohol or an iodine solution. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL with adrenaline 5…

…through a 20 mL syringe and a large bore needle. Chlorhexidine in alcohol to the skin around the wound — not into the wound. Sterile gloves…

…Labile INRs, Elderly age ( 65), and Drugs/alcohol. A crucial clinical pitfall is the misapplication of this score. A high HAS BLED score (≥3) indicates…

…Hypertension. Smoking. Dyslipidemia (hyperlipidemia). Obesity and/or diabetes. Psychosocial stress. Alcohol abuse. Physical inactivity. Unhealthy diet. Cerebral / peripheral vascular disease. Cancer. Acute coronary syndromes cause…

…hanging or strangulation. Drug overdose Intentional or accidental overdose of medications, drugs or other substances (including alcohol) causing cardiac arrest. Table 1. Classification of causes…

…et al ). Blood pressure is positively correlated with societal economic development, age, alcohol intake, body weight, male sex and salt intake. Population blood pressure increases…

…salts Iron, lithium, potassium, lead, mercury Alcohols and glycols Ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol Corrosive substances Strong acids and alkalis Petroleum products Lamp oil, petrol…

…ingestion unless the ingested substance has the propensity to form bezoars or is a sustained release formulation. Note: activated charcoal is ineffective against alcohols, lithium…