…fraction. Enlargement of the left ventricle predisposes to atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. In advanced alcohol related cardiomyopathy, dilation may involve all four cardiac chambers. Associated…

…and the speed of the course. An AST/ALT ratio 2 with moderately raised values suggests alcohol related liver disease; a ratio < 1 suggests…

…pain or restricted movement (therapeutic aspiration). Intra articular corticosteroid injection in verified inflammatory or osteoarthritis related joint disease. Contraindications Infection of the skin or soft…

…status, body weight, smoking, diet, physical inactivity, and alcohol consumption. Additional considerations include psychosocial stress, obstructive sleep apnoea, social determinants of health, air pollution, family…

…associated with roughly one in five strokes. Thrombus formation is most commonly related to the left atrial appendage, although competing mechanisms such as large artery…

…leeding history or predisposition L abile INR (International Normalized Ratio) E lderly (age 65 years) D rugs/alcohol concomitantly Each component is assigned 1 point…

…prominent triglyceride elevation, including dose related increases. In people living with HIV, antiretroviral therapy may contribute to HTG. Reducing alcohol and carbohydrate intake, and considering…

…complex interplay between genes and environment. Industrialization and a Western lifestyle are strongly related to the development of hypertension. Developing and non Western countries rarely…

…Hypertension. Smoking. Dyslipidemia (hyperlipidemia). Obesity and/or diabetes. Psychosocial stress. Alcohol abuse. Physical inactivity. Unhealthy diet. Cerebral / peripheral vascular disease. Cancer. Acute coronary syndromes cause…

…with readiness for respiratory support. 5. Treatment of the alcohol use disorder and planned follow up , not merely detoxification. Benzodiazepines reduce the severity of withdrawal…

…8. Identify drugs, renal failure, alcohol, a missed meal, physical activity and any other precipitating factor. Thresholds The thresholds below are used above all in…

…blood contact. An alcohol or chlorhexidine swab. Let the skin dry completely before inserting the needle — alcohol carried in with the needle stings. Needles of…

…g., coumarin derivatives or heparin—except low dose heparin). Patients with gastrointestinal disorders. Patients with severe kidney disease (glomerular filtration rate < 30 mL/min)…

…age 65, and concomitant drug/alcohol use. Some studies suggest HAS BLED has comparable or slightly superior predictive capability for major bleeding compared to ATRIA…

…of tricyclic antidepressants reduces the effect of clonidine. • Clonidine increases the CNS depressive effects of alcohol and sedatives. Clonidine doses and administration in hypertension (hypertensive…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology Critical care Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology Bradycardia and conduction disorders arise from dysfunction within the sinus node, the atrioventricular node (AVN…

…AVRT (pre excitation, WPW syndrome) being the most common. Atrial fibrillation with onset during hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis), alcohol overdose, thoracic surgery, acute myocardial infarction, pericarditis/myocarditis…

…anemia, myocardial ischemia/infarction, pulmonary embolism, pheochromocytoma, hyperthyroidism, hypovolemia, pharmacological substances (alcohol, amphetamine, coffee, anticholinergic drugs, beta adrenergic agonists). In all of these conditions, sinus…

…aminoglycoside toxicity, antiepileptic drugs, alcohol or sedatives Trauma and medication directed workup This corresponds to the principles of TiTrATE, in which Timing, Triggers And Targeted…

…with an integrated guidewire (Seldinger technique) helps when the vessel is difficult to puncture. Sterile preparation with chlorhexidine in alcohol 5 mg/mL, sterile drape…

…fields. Preparation and equipment Informed consent, current full blood count and coagulation screen, medication list. Chlorhexidine in alcohol, sterile gloves, fenestrated drape, sterile gauze. Local…

…probe, a sterile probe cover and sterile gel. Chlorhexidine in alcohol 5 mg/mL for skin disinfection. Allow it to air dry completely before puncture…

…The condition occurs above all in: treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors pregnancy prolonged fasting or a very low carbohydrate intake excessive alcohol consumption vomiting or othe

…Informed consent, coagulation status and an up to date medication list. A sterile fenestrated drape, chlorhexidine in alcohol, sterile gloves, a face mask. An atraumatic…

…proximal fold over the base of the plate. Preparation and equipment Chlorhexidine in alcohol or an iodine solution. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL without adrenaline for…

…insertion site Change the puncture site Preparation and equipment Ultrasound with a curved array probe. Sterile preparation (chlorhexidine in alcohol 5 mg/mL), sterile gloves…

… a defibrillator to hand. Sterile gown and gloves, chlorhexidine in alcohol 5 mg/mL, a large fenestrated drape. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL for local anaesthesia…

…reaches the patient. Preparation and equipment Cannulae in several sizes, a tourniquet, chlorhexidine in alcohol 5 mg/mL, gauze, a transparent dressing, an extension set…

…cap, mask, fenestrated drape. Chlorhexidine in alcohol 5 mg/mL. Local anaesthesia: lidocaine 10 mg/mL, 10–20 mL, a 25 G needle for the…

…time, and whether the intake was single or repeated a modified release preparation or a combination product concurrent drugs, alcohol and illicit substances weight, age…

…the forearm and the dorsum of the hand. Preparation and equipment Chlorhexidine in alcohol or an iodine solution. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL with adrenaline 5…

…is not a contraindication to these superficial injections. Preparation and equipment Chlorhexidine in alcohol, an iodine solution or isopropyl alcohol. A depot glucocorticoid: triamcinolone hexacetonide …

…through a 20 mL syringe and a large bore needle. Chlorhexidine in alcohol to the skin around the wound — not into the wound. Sterile gloves…

…Labile INRs, Elderly age ( 65), and Drugs/alcohol. A crucial clinical pitfall is the misapplication of this score. A high HAS BLED score (≥3) indicates…

…hanging or strangulation. Drug overdose Intentional or accidental overdose of medications, drugs or other substances (including alcohol) causing cardiac arrest. Table 1. Classification of causes…

…salts Iron, lithium, potassium, lead, mercury Alcohols and glycols Ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol Corrosive substances Strong acids and alkalis Petroleum products Lamp oil, petrol…

…ingestion unless the ingested substance has the propensity to form bezoars or is a sustained release formulation. Note: activated charcoal is ineffective against alcohols, lithium…