…and the speed of the course. An AST/ALT ratio 2 with moderately raised values suggests alcohol related liver disease; a ratio < 1 suggests…

…and an ECG all come before complete identification of the substance. Treatment of acute poisoning consists of four parallel components: supportive treatment, a targeted antidote…

…commonly stated that approximately 80% of all cardiac arrests are caused by acute or chronic coronary artery disease, with the latter being the most common…

…myocarditis, sarcoidosis, rheumatic heart disease, connective tissue disease, eosinophilic myocarditis), toxins (alcohol, cocaine, cancer therapies), or physical reactions (radiation therapy), frequently involves the conduction system…

…Caution • Clonidine may induce severe hypotension. • Clonidine is not recommended in most patients with severe cardiovascular disease or in those who are otherwise haemodynamically unstable…

…driver of global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, primarily due to its association with ischemic stroke and systemic embolism. The contemporary understanding of AF has evolved…

…a sustained release formulation. Note: activated charcoal is ineffective against alcohols, lithium, and heavy metals. Enhance elimination Induce diuresis through urine alkalinization, contingent upon renal…

…for a new complicated withdrawal. Benzodiazepines enhance the function of the GABA A receptor and are cross tolerant with alcohol. They therefore treat the central…

…synthesis Electrical channelopathies Oxidative stress Cellular apoptosis and necrosis Progressive structural remodelling Alcohol associated hypertension and atherosclerotic coronary disease In patients with heavy alcohol use…

…Measure the plasma glucose immediately in everyone with a reduced level of consciousness, seizures, confusion, a change in behaviour, collapse or an acute neurological deficit…

…into an arm with a dialysis fistula. Preparation and equipment Hand disinfection; gloves where there is a risk of blood contact. An alcohol or chlorhexidine…

…Preparation and equipment Chlorhexidine in alcohol 5 mg/mL: clean with 3–4 swabs in wide circles and let it dry for a couple of…

…as asthma attacks, angioedema, or urticaria with NSAIDs). Alcohol consumption may increase the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding. Serious skin reactions (e.g., Stevens Johnson syndrome…

…age 65, and concomitant drug/alcohol use. Some studies suggest HAS BLED has comparable or slightly superior predictive capability for major bleeding compared to ATRIA…

…INR (International Normalized Ratio) E lderly (age 65 years) D rugs/alcohol concomitantly Each component is assigned 1 point, with a maximum score of 9…

…discussed as a cardiovascular risk marker, while severe HTG is clinically important because of its association with acute pancreatitis. Evaluation and physical examination Evaluation should…

…and from secondary prevention, which addresses patients with established disease to reduce recurrent events and mortality. Risk factor modification is therefore directed at identifying individuals…

…with asymptomatic episodes. Consequently, the absence of AF during intermittent monitoring is not sufficient evidence that thromboembolic risk is low. In the setting of acute…

…fibrillation with onset during hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis), alcohol overdose, thoracic surgery, acute myocardial infarction, pericarditis/myocarditis or pulmonary embolism is often a reversible arrhythmia with low…

…Similar to sinus rhythm, the rhythm is regular with a positive P wave in lead II, but the heart rate exceeds 100 beats per minute…

…triggers it [1,2]. The single most important practical rule is: Continuous acute dizziness with spontaneous nystagmus: consider HINTS plus, but only if the examiner…

…A set with an integrated guidewire (Seldinger technique) helps when the vessel is difficult to puncture. Sterile preparation with chlorhexidine in alcohol 5 mg/mL…

…Chlorhexidine in alcohol, sterile gloves, fenestrated drape, sterile gauze. Local anaesthetic: lidocaine 10 mg/mL, usually 5–10 mL, with a longer needle so that…

…An ultrasound machine with a high frequency linear probe, a sterile probe cover and sterile gel. Chlorhexidine in alcohol 5 mg/mL for skin disinfection…

…The condition occurs above all in: treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors pregnancy prolonged fasting or a very low carbohydrate intake excessive alcohol consumption vomiting or othe

…must never delay it. Indications Suspected meningitis or encephalitis. Suspected subarachnoid haemorrhage with a normal or non diagnostic CT. Suspected neuroborreliosis, neurosyphilis or another CNS…

…Procedure : : Acute paronychia with fluctuance or visible pus Incision and drainage Acute paronychia without pus formation Antibiotics and soaks alone Ingrown nail with mild inflammation…

…Ultrasound with a curved array probe. Sterile preparation (chlorhexidine in alcohol 5 mg/mL), sterile gloves, fenestrated drape; full sterile attire for therapeutic drainage with…

…the only absolute indication, and always urgent. A large pericardial effusion with symptoms despite medical treatment. Diagnostic drainage in suspected purulent pericarditis, tuberculosis or malignancy…

…alcohol 5 mg/mL, gauze, a transparent dressing, an extension set with a three way tap, and saline for flushing. An intraosseous drill system with…

…Preparation and equipment Ultrasound with a curved array or linear probe. Sterile clothing: gown, gloves, cap, mask, fenestrated drape. Chlorhexidine in alcohol 5 mg/mL…

…Preparation and equipment Chlorhexidine in alcohol or an iodine solution. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL with adrenaline 5 µg/mL (adrenaline gives a bloodless field and…

…is not a contraindication to these superficial injections. Preparation and equipment Chlorhexidine in alcohol, an iodine solution or isopropyl alcohol. A depot glucocorticoid: triamcinolone hexacetonide …

…without being found. Indications A traumatic wound that gapes and cannot be expected to heal with good function or cosmesis without apposition. A wound that…

…Psychosocial stress. Alcohol abuse. Physical inactivity. Unhealthy diet. Cerebral / peripheral vascular disease. Cancer. Acute coronary syndromes cause symptoms already at rest. Stable ischemic heart disease…

…positively correlated with societal economic development, age, alcohol intake, body weight, male sex and salt intake. Population blood pressure increases in parallel with economic development…

…in which the patient reaches hospital early. The benefit of both methods falls steeply with the time since ingestion, and both can harm the patient…