…alcohol and illicit substances weight, age, pregnancy and comorbidity renal and hepatic function regular medication and drug dependence epilepsy or previous seizures suicidal intent packaging…

…points) Severe Renal Disease: Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <30 mL/min or dialysis dependent (3 points) Age ≥75 years: (2 points) Prior Bleeding: History…

…for a new complicated withdrawal. Benzodiazepines enhance the function of the GABA A receptor and are cross tolerant with alcohol. They therefore treat the central…

…implications of lower alcohol intake remain controversial. Epidemiological studies have often described a J shaped association between consumption and cardiovascular outcomes, with apparently lower overall…

…and the speed of the course. An AST/ALT ratio 2 with moderately raised values suggests alcohol related liver disease; a ratio < 1 suggests…

…recovered. 7. Follow up with a meal or with continued glucose administration adapted to the cause. 8. Identify drugs, renal failure, alcohol, a missed meal…

…into an arm with a dialysis fistula. Preparation and equipment Hand disinfection; gloves where there is a risk of blood contact. An alcohol or chlorhexidine…

…Preparation and equipment Chlorhexidine in alcohol 5 mg/mL: clean with 3–4 swabs in wide circles and let it dry for a couple of…

…as asthma attacks, angioedema, or urticaria with NSAIDs). Alcohol consumption may increase the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding. Serious skin reactions (e.g., Stevens Johnson syndrome…

…Caution • Clonidine may induce severe hypotension. • Clonidine is not recommended in most patients with severe cardiovascular disease or in those who are otherwise haemodynamically unstable…

…INR (International Normalized Ratio) E lderly (age 65 years) D rugs/alcohol concomitantly Each component is assigned 1 point, with a maximum score of 9…

…people living with HIV, antiretroviral therapy may contribute to HTG. Reducing alcohol and carbohydrate intake, and considering a switch to antiretroviral agents with less adverse…

…myocarditis, sarcoidosis, rheumatic heart disease, connective tissue disease, eosinophilic myocarditis), toxins (alcohol, cocaine, cancer therapies), or physical reactions (radiation therapy), frequently involves the conduction system…

…and from secondary prevention, which addresses patients with established disease to reduce recurrent events and mortality. Risk factor modification is therefore directed at identifying individuals…

…stroke risk is increased approximately five fold, and AF is associated with roughly one in five strokes. Thrombus formation is most commonly related to the…

…fibrillation with onset during hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis), alcohol overdose, thoracic surgery, acute myocardial infarction, pericarditis/myocarditis or pulmonary embolism is often a reversible arrhythmia with low…

…Similar to sinus rhythm, the rhythm is regular with a positive P wave in lead II, but the heart rate exceeds 100 beats per minute…

…triggers it [1,2]. The single most important practical rule is: Continuous acute dizziness with spontaneous nystagmus: consider HINTS plus, but only if the examiner…

…A set with an integrated guidewire (Seldinger technique) helps when the vessel is difficult to puncture. Sterile preparation with chlorhexidine in alcohol 5 mg/mL…

…Chlorhexidine in alcohol, sterile gloves, fenestrated drape, sterile gauze. Local anaesthetic: lidocaine 10 mg/mL, usually 5–10 mL, with a longer needle so that…

…An ultrasound machine with a high frequency linear probe, a sterile probe cover and sterile gel. Chlorhexidine in alcohol 5 mg/mL for skin disinfection…

…The condition occurs above all in: treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors pregnancy prolonged fasting or a very low carbohydrate intake excessive alcohol consumption vomiting or othe

…Guillain–Barré syndrome, autoimmune encephalitis. Meningeal carcinomatosis and CNS involvement in haematological malignancy. Investigation of dementia with biomarkers (amyloid, tau, phospho tau). Measurement of the…

…bed is the tissue beneath the nail plate; a laceration here heals with a deformed nail unless it is sutured. The matrix lies most proximally…

…Ultrasound with a curved array probe. Sterile preparation (chlorhexidine in alcohol 5 mg/mL), sterile gloves, fenestrated drape; full sterile attire for therapeutic drainage with…

…the only absolute indication, and always urgent. A large pericardial effusion with symptoms despite medical treatment. Diagnostic drainage in suspected purulent pericarditis, tuberculosis or malignancy…

…alcohol 5 mg/mL, gauze, a transparent dressing, an extension set with a three way tap, and saline for flushing. An intraosseous drill system with…

…Preparation and equipment Ultrasound with a curved array or linear probe. Sterile clothing: gown, gloves, cap, mask, fenestrated drape. Chlorhexidine in alcohol 5 mg/mL…

…Preparation and equipment Chlorhexidine in alcohol or an iodine solution. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL with adrenaline 5 µg/mL (adrenaline gives a bloodless field and…

…is not a contraindication to these superficial injections. Preparation and equipment Chlorhexidine in alcohol, an iodine solution or isopropyl alcohol. A depot glucocorticoid: triamcinolone hexacetonide …

…without being found. Indications A traumatic wound that gapes and cannot be expected to heal with good function or cosmesis without apposition. A wound that…

…driver of global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, primarily due to its association with ischemic stroke and systemic embolism. The contemporary understanding of AF has evolved…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction Approach to patients with chest pain: differential diagnoses, evaluation and management Chest pain is one of the most common symptoms…

…arrests are caused by acute or chronic coronary artery disease, with the latter being the most common. The figure 80% occurs in most textbooks in…

…positively correlated with societal economic development, age, alcohol intake, body weight, male sex and salt intake. Population blood pressure increases in parallel with economic development…

…in which the patient reaches hospital early. The benefit of both methods falls steeply with the time since ingestion, and both can harm the patient…

…a sustained release formulation. Note: activated charcoal is ineffective against alcohols, lithium, and heavy metals. Enhance elimination Induce diuresis through urine alkalinization, contingent upon renal…