…alcohol and illicit substances weight, age, pregnancy and comorbidity renal and hepatic function regular medication and drug dependence epilepsy or previous seizures suicidal intent packaging…

…alcohol, amphetamine, coffee, anticholinergic drugs, beta adrenergic agonists). In all of these conditions, sinus tachycardia is merely an expression of an underlying disease or substance…

…or dialysis: Group Examples : : Metals and salts Iron, lithium, potassium, lead, mercury Alcohols and glycols Ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol Corrosive substances Strong acids and…

…the ingested substance has the propensity to form bezoars or is a sustained release formulation. Note: activated charcoal is ineffective against alcohols, lithium, and heavy…

…example foreign body, hanging or strangulation. Drug overdose Intentional or accidental overdose of medications, drugs or other substances (including alcohol) causing cardiac arrest. Table 1…

…begin before the blood alcohol concentration has reached zero, and several syndromes can overlap [1,4]. Time after a clear reduction or the last intake…

…drinks for women or five for men on one occasion. Pharmacokinetics and pathophysiology Approximately 95% of ingested ethanol undergoes hepatic metabolism. Alcohol dehydrogenase converts ethanol…

…toxins (alcohol, cocaine, cancer therapies), or physical reactions (radiation therapy), frequently involves the conduction system. In these conditions, involvement of the AVN and the conduction…

…65, and concomitant drug/alcohol use. Some studies suggest HAS BLED has comparable or slightly superior predictive capability for major bleeding compared to ATRIA. ORBIT…

…the international consensus report of 2024, the diagnosis of DKA requires three components: diabetes or hyperglycaemia, ketosis and metabolic acidosis. A very high glucose value…

…Recognised causes include: Diabetes and insulin resistance Thyroid disease Kidney disease Excessive alcohol consumption Diets high in carbohydrate or fat Glucocorticoids Beta blockers Oestrogen therapy…

…a dialysis fistula. Preparation and equipment Hand disinfection; gloves where there is a risk of blood contact. An alcohol or chlorhexidine swab. Let the skin…

…not the skin. Aspiration needle (iliac crest or sternal needle with stylet) and a Jamshidi type biopsy needle. Syringes: a small 5–10 mL syringe…

…Preparation and equipment Chlorhexidine in alcohol or an iodine solution. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL without adrenaline for the block (adrenaline is safe in fingers and…

…Preparation and equipment Ultrasound with a curved array or linear probe. Sterile clothing: gown, gloves, cap, mask, fenestrated drape. Chlorhexidine in alcohol 5 mg/mL…

…a change in medication or an exposure Concussion, temporal bone injury, dissection, aminoglycoside toxicity, antiepileptic drugs, alcohol or sedatives Trauma and medication directed workup This…

…and electrolytes can be interpreted, but some laboratories do not accept marrow blood in their analysers — check locally. Contraindications Peripheral venous cannula: Infection, burns or…

…Preparation and equipment Chlorhexidine in alcohol or an iodine solution. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL with adrenaline 5 µg/mL (adrenaline gives a bloodless field and…

…renal or liver function, prior stroke, bleeding tendency or previous bleeding, labile international normalized ratio (INR), older age, drugs predisposing to bleeding and alcohol use…

…Besides anticoagulation, atrial fibrillation is treated with rate and/or rhythm control . Rate control implies the use of medications that slow ventricular rate (beta blockers…

…etiologies Family history (focus on ischemic heart disease, aortic dissection, pulmonary embolism, pneumothorax). Hypertension. Smoking. Dyslipidemia (hyperlipidemia). Obesity and/or diabetes. Psychosocial stress. Alcohol abuse…

…physical inactivity, and alcohol consumption. Additional considerations include psychosocial stress, obstructive sleep apnoea, social determinants of health, air pollution, family history, ethnicity, and frailty. Primary…

…Preparation and equipment Chlorhexidine in alcohol 5 mg/mL: clean with 3–4 swabs in wide circles and let it dry for a couple of…

…Labile INRs, Elderly age ( 65), and Drugs/alcohol. A crucial clinical pitfall is the misapplication of this score. A high HAS BLED score (≥3) indicates…

…vessel is difficult to puncture. Sterile preparation with chlorhexidine in alcohol 5 mg/mL, sterile drape, sterile gloves, mask and cap. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL…

…hypertension, impaired renal or liver function, previous stroke, history of bleeding, unstable anticoagulation control, advanced age, and the use of certain medications or alcohol. Interpretation…

…currently 140 mm Hg systolic or 90 mm Hg diastolic (140/90 mm Hg). The discordance between optimal blood pressure and the definition of hypertension…

…pregnancy or malignancy. A markedly raised GGT with the other tests normal is most often enzyme induction by alcohol or drugs and is often of…

…a meal or with continued glucose administration adapted to the cause. 8. Identify drugs, renal failure, alcohol, a missed meal, physical activity and any other…

…on its own. Local anaesthesia: lidocaine 10 mg/mL, a millilitre or two intracutaneously and along the needle track, with a fine needle. A manometer…

…Preparation and equipment Chlorhexidine in alcohol, an iodine solution or isopropyl alcohol. A depot glucocorticoid: triamcinolone hexacetonide (Lederspan 20 mg/mL) or methylprednisolone acetate (Depo…

…antidepressants reduces the effect of clonidine. • Clonidine increases the CNS depressive effects of alcohol and sedatives. Clonidine doses and administration in hypertension (hypertensive crisis/emergency).

…over the insertion site Change the puncture site Preparation and equipment Ultrasound with a curved array probe. Sterile preparation (chlorhexidine in alcohol 5 mg/mL)…

…daily. Warnings and precautions Use Aspirin with caution in the following cases: Concurrent anticoagulant therapy (e.g., coumarin derivatives or heparin—except low dose heparin)…

…a high frequency linear probe, a sterile probe cover and sterile gel. Chlorhexidine in alcohol 5 mg/mL for skin disinfection. Allow it to air…

…without being found. Indications A traumatic wound that gapes and cannot be expected to heal with good function or cosmesis without apposition. A wound that…

…absolute indication, and always urgent. A large pericardial effusion with symptoms despite medical treatment. Diagnostic drainage in suspected purulent pericarditis, tuberculosis or malignancy. Tamponade is…