…pulmonary embolism, pneumothorax). Hypertension. Smoking. Dyslipidemia (hyperlipidemia). Obesity and/or diabetes. Psychosocial stress. Alcohol abuse. Physical inactivity. Unhealthy diet. Cerebral / peripheral vascular disease. Cancer. Acute…

…times given are approximate. Symptoms can begin before the blood alcohol concentration has reached zero, and several syndromes can overlap [1,4]. Time after a…

…heart failure, cardiovascular mortality and atrial fibrillation. Consequently, alcohol should not be initiated as a cardiovascular preventive strategy. A drink equivalent contains approximately 12–14…

…are distinguished by the history and the speed of the course. An AST/ALT ratio 2 with moderately raised values suggests alcohol related liver disease…

…drugs, renal failure, alcohol, a missed meal, physical activity and any other precipitating factor. Thresholds The thresholds below are used above all in diabetes. The…

…a dialysis fistula. Preparation and equipment Hand disinfection; gloves where there is a risk of blood contact. An alcohol or chlorhexidine swab. Let the skin…

…the result and inject later. Preparation and equipment Chlorhexidine in alcohol 5 mg/mL: clean with 3–4 swabs in wide circles and let it…

…80 mg tablet once daily. Warnings and precautions Use Aspirin with caution in the following cases: Concurrent anticoagulant therapy (e.g., coumarin derivatives or heparin…

…age 65, and concomitant drug/alcohol use. Some studies suggest HAS BLED has comparable or slightly superior predictive capability for major bleeding compared to ATRIA…

…antidepressants reduces the effect of clonidine. • Clonidine increases the CNS depressive effects of alcohol and sedatives. Clonidine doses and administration in hypertension (hypertensive crisis/emergency).

…advanced age, and the use of certain medications or alcohol. Interpretation of HAS BLED score A score of 0 1 indicates low risk A score…

…may contribute to HTG. Reducing alcohol and carbohydrate intake, and considering a switch to antiretroviral agents with less adverse lipid effects, may improve triglyceride concentrations…

…toxins (alcohol, cocaine, cancer therapies), or physical reactions (radiation therapy), frequently involves the conduction system. In these conditions, involvement of the AVN and the conduction…

…physical inactivity, and alcohol consumption. Additional considerations include psychosocial stress, obstructive sleep apnoea, social determinants of health, air pollution, family history, ethnicity, and frailty. Primary…

…older age, drugs predisposing to bleeding and alcohol use. A high bleeding risk score should prompt correction of modifiable risk factors and closer surveillance; it…

…fibrillation: atrial flutter, AVNRT and AVRT (pre excitation, WPW syndrome) being the most common. Atrial fibrillation with onset during hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis), alcohol overdose, thoracic surgery…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology ECG Sinus tachycardia: causes, ECG, normal variants & pathological variants Sinus tachycardia is the most common tachyarrhythmia (tachycardia). Sinus tachycardia is the result…

…alcohol or sedatives Trauma and medication directed workup This corresponds to the principles of TiTrATE, in which Timing, Triggers And Targeted Examination guide the diagnostic…

…vessel is difficult to puncture. Sterile preparation with chlorhexidine in alcohol 5 mg/mL, sterile drape, sterile gloves, mask and cap. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL…

…change side, and avoid irradiated fields. Preparation and equipment Informed consent, current full blood count and coagulation screen, medication list. Chlorhexidine in alcohol, sterile gloves…

…a high frequency linear probe, a sterile probe cover and sterile gel. Chlorhexidine in alcohol 5 mg/mL for skin disinfection. Allow it to air…

…2024, the diagnosis of DKA requires three components: diabetes or hyperglycaemia, ketosis and metabolic acidosis. A very high glucose value is no longer required [1]…

…performed first. Preparation and equipment Informed consent, coagulation status and an up to date medication list. A sterile fenestrated drape, chlorhexidine in alcohol, sterile gloves…

…Preparation and equipment Chlorhexidine in alcohol or an iodine solution. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL without adrenaline for the block (adrenaline is safe in fingers and…

…over the insertion site Change the puncture site Preparation and equipment Ultrasound with a curved array probe. Sterile preparation (chlorhexidine in alcohol 5 mg/mL)…

…Sterile gown and gloves, chlorhexidine in alcohol 5 mg/mL, a large fenestrated drape. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL for local anaesthesia, 25 G and 21…

…a tourniquet, chlorhexidine in alcohol 5 mg/mL, gauze, a transparent dressing, an extension set with a three way tap, and saline for flushing. An…

…Chlorhexidine in alcohol 5 mg/mL. Local anaesthesia: lidocaine 10 mg/mL, 10–20 mL, a 25 G needle for the skin weal and a…

…time, and whether the intake was single or repeated a modified release preparation or a combination product concurrent drugs, alcohol and illicit substances weight, age…

…Preparation and equipment Chlorhexidine in alcohol or an iodine solution. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL with adrenaline 5 µg/mL (adrenaline gives a bloodless field and…

…is not a contraindication to these superficial injections. Preparation and equipment Chlorhexidine in alcohol, an iodine solution or isopropyl alcohol. A depot glucocorticoid: triamcinolone hexacetonide …

… irrigate under pressure through a 20 mL syringe and a large bore needle. Chlorhexidine in alcohol to the skin around the wound — not into the…

…Labile INRs, Elderly age ( 65), and Drugs/alcohol. A crucial clinical pitfall is the misapplication of this score. A high HAS BLED score (≥3) indicates…

…The discrepancy between traditional figures and recent studies is due to the dramatic decrease in the incidence of acute coronary syndromes over the past decades…

…age, alcohol intake, body weight, male sex and salt intake. Population blood pressure increases in parallel with economic development and industrialization. The increasing prevalence of…

…ineffective and management is instead governed by the antidote, supportive treatment or dialysis: Group Examples : : Metals and salts Iron, lithium, potassium, lead, mercury Alcohols and…

…bezoars or is a sustained release formulation. Note: activated charcoal is ineffective against alcohols, lithium, and heavy metals. Enhance elimination Induce diuresis through urine alkalinization…