…Hypertension. Smoking. Dyslipidemia (hyperlipidemia). Obesity and/or diabetes. Psychosocial stress. Alcohol abuse. Physical inactivity. Unhealthy diet. Cerebral / peripheral vascular disease. Cancer. Acute coronary syndromes cause…

…Pathophysiology Alcohol enhances inhibitory signalling via gamma aminobutyric acid, GABA, and inhibits excitatory glutamate signalling, in part via NMDA receptors. With prolonged alcohol exposure the…

…metabolism. Alcohol dehydrogenase converts ethanol to acetaldehyde, which is subsequently converted by aldehyde dehydrogenase to acetate. The remaining fraction is excreted unchanged in urine, perspiration…

…pattern Pattern Predominant Consider : : : Hepatocellular ALT and AST ↑↑, ALP normal Viral hepatitis, drugs, alcohol, autoimmune hepatitis, ischaemic hepatitis, steatohepatitis Cholestatic ALP and GGT ↑↑…

…renal failure, alcohol, a missed meal, physical activity and any other precipitating factor. Thresholds The thresholds below are used above all in diabetes. The severity…

…blood contact. An alcohol or chlorhexidine swab. Let the skin dry completely before inserting the needle — alcohol carried in with the needle stings. Needles of…

…Preparation and equipment Chlorhexidine in alcohol 5 mg/mL: clean with 3–4 swabs in wide circles and let it dry for a couple of…

…80 mg tablet once daily. Warnings and precautions Use Aspirin with caution in the following cases: Concurrent anticoagulant therapy (e.g., coumarin derivatives or heparin…

…age 65, and concomitant drug/alcohol use. Some studies suggest HAS BLED has comparable or slightly superior predictive capability for major bleeding compared to ATRIA…

…antidepressants reduces the effect of clonidine. • Clonidine increases the CNS depressive effects of alcohol and sedatives. Clonidine doses and administration in hypertension (hypertensive crisis/emergency).

…leeding history or predisposition L abile INR (International Normalized Ratio) E lderly (age 65 years) D rugs/alcohol concomitantly Each component is assigned 1 point…

…kidney disease, alcohol excess, dietary factors and relevant medications. Cardiovascular risk category and the adequacy of LDL C lowering treatment. In severe primary HTG, whether…

…eosinophilic myocarditis), toxins (alcohol, cocaine, cancer therapies), or physical reactions (radiation therapy), frequently involves the conduction system. In these conditions, involvement of the AVN and…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and Scope Primary prevention aims to prevent the clinical manifestation of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in individuals without established clinical CVD. It…

…atrial appendage, although competing mechanisms such as large artery atherosclerosis and small vessel disease may also contribute to stroke in patients with AF. Stroke risk…

…alcohol overdose, thoracic surgery, acute myocardial infarction, pericarditis/myocarditis or pulmonary embolism is often a reversible arrhythmia with low risk of recurrence. Atrial fibrillation in…

…hypovolemia, pharmacological substances (alcohol, amphetamine, coffee, anticholinergic drugs, beta adrenergic agonists). In all of these conditions, sinus tachycardia is merely an expression of an underlying…

…antiepileptic drugs, alcohol or sedatives Trauma and medication directed workup This corresponds to the principles of TiTrATE, in which Timing, Triggers And Targeted Examination guide…

…preparation with chlorhexidine in alcohol 5 mg/mL, sterile drape, sterile gloves, mask and cap. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL for local anaesthesia in the awake…

…fields. Preparation and equipment Informed consent, current full blood count and coagulation screen, medication list. Chlorhexidine in alcohol, sterile gloves, fenestrated drape, sterile gauze. Local…

…probe, a sterile probe cover and sterile gel. Chlorhexidine in alcohol 5 mg/mL for skin disinfection. Allow it to air dry completely before puncture…

…The condition occurs above all in: treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors pregnancy prolonged fasting or a very low carbohydrate intake excessive alcohol consumption vomiting or othe

…Informed consent, coagulation status and an up to date medication list. A sterile fenestrated drape, chlorhexidine in alcohol, sterile gloves, a face mask. An atraumatic…

…and equipment Chlorhexidine in alcohol or an iodine solution. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL without adrenaline for the block (adrenaline is safe in fingers and toes…

…in doubt Cellulitis over the insertion site Change the puncture site Preparation and equipment Ultrasound with a curved array probe. Sterile preparation (chlorhexidine in alcohol…

… a defibrillator to hand. Sterile gown and gloves, chlorhexidine in alcohol 5 mg/mL, a large fenestrated drape. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL for local anaesthesia…

…that determines how quickly the volume reaches the patient. Preparation and equipment Cannulae in several sizes, a tourniquet, chlorhexidine in alcohol 5 mg/mL, gauze…

…cap, mask, fenestrated drape. Chlorhexidine in alcohol 5 mg/mL. Local anaesthesia: lidocaine 10 mg/mL, 10–20 mL, a 25 G needle for the…

…four parallel components: supportive treatment, a targeted antidote, reduced absorption and, in selected cases, enhanced elimination. For many poisonings, well delivered supportive treatment matters more…

…the forearm and the dorsum of the hand. Preparation and equipment Chlorhexidine in alcohol or an iodine solution. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL with adrenaline 5…

…is not a contraindication to these superficial injections. Preparation and equipment Chlorhexidine in alcohol, an iodine solution or isopropyl alcohol. A depot glucocorticoid: triamcinolone hexacetonide …

…through a 20 mL syringe and a large bore needle. Chlorhexidine in alcohol to the skin around the wound — not into the wound. Sterile gloves…

…systole. Transesophageal echocardiography and surgical pathology demonstrate that over 90% of thrombi in non valvular AF originate within this specific anatomical cul de sac [19] …

…hanging or strangulation. Drug overdose Intentional or accidental overdose of medications, drugs or other substances (including alcohol) causing cardiac arrest. Table 1. Classification of causes…

…age, alcohol intake, body weight, male sex and salt intake. Population blood pressure increases in parallel with economic development and industrialization. The increasing prevalence of…

…minutes the absorption can be reduced by around half. Liquid preparations: in practice within about 1 hour. Tablets and solid preparations: up to about 2…

CPR Poisoning and drug toxicity In adolescents and young adults, intoxication events leading to cardiac arrest are notably prevalent, primarily due to the misuse of…