…because of the cosmesis, often with antibiotic prophylaxis. Deep puncture wounds , where the base cannot be inspected or irrigated clean. Wounds with retained foreign material…

…is decided before the needle goes in: the choice of site, the use of ultrasound throughout the puncture, and maintaining maximal barrier precautions without shortcuts…

…complete heart block without current symptoms, alternating bundle branch block in acute anterior infarction, and before drugs or procedures with a known risk of bradycardia…

…bacterial CNS infections states that CT must not be performed before lumbar puncture in suspected bacterial meningitis — not even with a reduced level of consciousness…

…Relative Skin infection, herpes zoster or burns over the puncture site Relative Mechanical ventilation with a high PEEP (an increased risk of pneumothorax; ultrasound guidance…

…the puncture went. Indications Unexplained cytopenia in one or more cell lines. Suspected acute leukaemia, myelodysplastic syndrome or myeloproliferative neoplasm. Work up and staging of…

…finger joints). A 20–50 mL syringe for a knee with a large effusion, 5–10 mL for smaller joints. Local anaesthesia of the skin…

…choose a new site if in doubt Cellulitis over the insertion site Change the puncture site Preparation and equipment Ultrasound with a curved array probe…

…the puncture site. An arm with an arteriovenous fistula, previous axillary clearance or lymphoedema. A limb with paresis or marked swelling. A vein suspected of…

…skin with a small amount of lidocaine without adrenaline (epinephrine). 3. Puncture 1–2 cm proximal to the wrist crease at an angle of 30…

…tricuspid inflow The echocardiographic counterpart of pulsus paradoxus Contraindications In overt tamponade with shock there are no absolute contraindications other than the conditions in which…

…may be the only signs of infection. Corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive treatments can blunt the febrile response. A neutropenic patient with a suspected infection and…

…the overall picture : exercise capacity, symptoms, blood pressure response, heart rate response, arrhythmias and recovery. A patient who stops at a low workload with a…

…physiology at the moment of sampling, but does not by itself identify the cause. The result must always be weighed together with the clinical picture…

… cellulitis instead gives a diffuse oedematous picture without a demarcated fluid collection. Ultrasound also shows the depth of the cavity and its distance to vessels…

…often visual, auditory or tactile hallucinations with a relatively clear level of consciousness and preserved orientation 12 to 48 hours Withdrawal seizures, usually generalised tonic…

…how acute the condition is. A patient with a chronic plasma sodium of 112 mmol/L may be relatively unaffected, while a rapid fall from…

…care Intermediate–high Stable Yes Raised Admission with monitoring. Be prepared for rescue thrombolysis Intermediate–low Stable One of the two positive Admission Low Stable…

Echocardiography Color Doppler Velocities recorded in a sample volume of the pulsed wave Doppler can be presented with a color. A color scale from blue…

…acute stroke to identify large vessel occlusion, dissection or other vascular pathology CT perfusion Used with an unclear time of onset, a late time window…

…adrenaline never replace intramuscular adrenaline [1,2]. Delayed administration of adrenaline is associated with more severe and more protracted reactions, biphasic courses and fatal outcome…

…Subtype Typical picture Clinical significance : : : Hyperactive Agitation, motor restlessness, picking, calling out, irritability, hallucinations More easily detected, but accounts for a minority of cases Hypoactive…

…occur Mixed picture of DKA and HHS Overlap is common. Treat as mixed DKA and HHS if the patient has marked hyperosmolality together with significant…

…The grading must not be used mechanically. A patient with a plasma potassium of 6.2 mmol/L, new bradycardia and acute kidney injury may…

Endokrinologi & metabolism Akutsjukvård Lathundar Emergency overview Measure the plasma glucose immediately in everyone with a reduced level of consciousness, seizures, confusion, a change in behaviour…

…with a subungual haematoma — manage it as an open fracture. The anatomy of the nail apparatus The terminology is hard to follow without a picture…

…produce post ischemic stunning. In the absence of infarction, contractile recovery can occur rapidly after reperfusion, with recovery generally occurring within one week. By contrast…

…blood pressure Other cardiovascular risk factors and relevant comorbidities Evidence of hypertension mediated organ damage Existing cardiac, cerebrovascular, or renal disease The possibility of a…